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Symmetrel

By R. Grompel. Centre College, Danville Kentucky.

Prevalence of cytomegalovirus in the gastrointes- tinal tract of renal transplant recipients with persistent abdominal pain buy symmetrel 100mg with amex. Gastroduodenal cytomegalovirus infection is common in kidney transplantation patients generic symmetrel 100mg with mastercard. Endoscopic diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection of upper gastrointestinal tract in solid organ transplant recipients: Hungarian single-center experience symmetrel 100mg online. Late cytomegalovirus disease with atypical presentation in renal transplant patients: case reports. Clinical microbiological case: a heart transplant recipient with diarrhea and abdominal pain. Clostridium difficile colitis requiring subtotal colectomy in a renal transplant recipient: a case report and review of literature. Clostridium difficile colitis in patients after kidney and pancreas-kidney transplantation. Pneumatosis intestinalis with Clostridium difficile colitis as a cause of acute abdomen after lung transplantation. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor in a liver transplant recipient. Clinical manifestations, treatment and control of infections caused by˜ Clostridium difficile. Cytomegalovirus and Clostridium difficile ischemic colitis in a renal transplant recipient: a lethal complication of anti-rejection therapy? Infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome. Incidence and risk factors for diarrhea following kidney transplantation and association with graft loss and mortality. Simultaneous occurrence of Clostridium difficile and Cytomegalovirus colitis in a recipient of autologous stem cell transplantation. Two cases of Norwalk virus enteritis following small bowel transplantation treated with oral human serum immunoglobulin. Rotavirus enteritis in solid organ transplant recipients: an underestimated problem? Benign transient hyperphosphatasemia associated with Epstein-Barr virus enteritis in a pediatric liver transplant patient: a case report. Cryptosporidium parvum-associated sclerosing cholangitis in a liver transplant patient. Encephalitis caused by human herpesvirus-6 in transplant recipients: relevance of a novel neurotropic virus. The impact of human herpesvirus-6 and -7 infection on the outcome of liver transplantation. Human herpesvirus-6 in liver transplant recipients: role in pathogenesis of fungal infections, neurologic complications, and outcome. Early diagnosis and successful treatment of acute cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient. Naturally acquired West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in transplant recipients: clinical, laboratory, diagnostic, and neuropathological features. West Nile virus encephalitis in organ transplant recipients: another high-risk group for meningoencephalitis and death. Listeria infection after liver transplantation: report of a case and review of the literature. Listeria monocytogenes-associated acute hepatitis in a liver transplant recipient. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome. Clinical spectrum of invasive cryptococcosis in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Cutaneous cryptococcosis mimicking bacterial cellulitis in a liver transplant recipient: case report and review in solid organ transplant recipients. Cryptococcal necrotizing fasciitis with multiple sites of involvement in the lower extremities. Central nervous system cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of abnormal neuroimaging findings. First report of Cryptococcus albidus–induced disseminated cryptococcosis in a renal transplant recipient. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen. Central nervous system lesions in liver transplant recipients: prospective assessment of indications for biopsy and implications for management. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients. Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess in a renal transplant recipient: first case report in Southeast Asia. Infections due to dematiaceous fungi in organ transplant recipients: case report and review. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: an increasingly frequent challenge: update and favorable outcomes in two cases.

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This is most likely to With the increased number of patients with primary hy- be identified on radiographs of the hand (triangular liga- perparathyroidism being diagnosed with asymptomatic ment) order symmetrel 100mg with visa, the knees (articular cartilage and menisci) purchase 100 mg symmetrel with visa, and hypercalcemia order 100mg symmetrel overnight delivery, the majority (95%) of patients will have symphysis pubis. Affected joints, however, may be asymp- tify this early subperiosteal erosion is along the radial as- tomatic, and chondrocalcinosis noted radiographically pects of the middle phalanges of the index and middle might bring the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism to light fingers. The combination of chon- phalanges (acro-osteolysis), the outer ends of the clavi- drocalcinosis in the symphysis pubis and nephrocalci- cle, the symphysis pubis, the sacroiliac joints, the proxi- nosis on an abdominal radiograph is diagnostic of hyper- mal medial cortex of the tibia, the proximal humeral parathyroidism. However, if no subperiosteal ero- ry disease, rather than occurring secondary to chronic re- sions are identified in the phalanges, they are unlikely to nal impairment. Subperiosteal erosions in sites other than the phalanges Brown Tumors (Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica) indicate more severe and long-standing hyperparathy- roidism, such as may be found secondary to chronic re- These are cystic lesions within bone in which there has nal impairment. Histologically, the cavities are filled with fibrous tissue and osteo- Intracortical Bone Resorption clasts, with necrosis and hemorrhagic liquefaction. Radiographically, brown tumors appear as low-density, Intracortical bone resorption results from increased os- multiloculated cysts that can occur in any skeletal site teoclastic activity in haversian canals. They are now rarely this causes linear translucencies within the cortex (corti- seen. This feature is not specific for hyper- parathyroidism, and can be found in other conditions in Osteosclerosis which bone turnover is increased (e. Osteosclerosis occurs uncommonly in primary hyper- parathyroidism [21] but is a common feature of disease secondary to chronic renal impairment [22]. In prima- ry disease, with normal renal function, it results from an exaggerated osteoblastic response following bone resorption. In secondary causes of hyperparathy- roidism, it results from excessive accumulation of poorly mineralized osteoid, which appears more dense radiographically than normal bone. In the vertebral bodies, the end plates are preferentially involved, giving bands of dense bones adjacent to the end plates with a central band of lower normal bone density. These alternating bands of normal and sclerot- ic bone give a stripped pattern described as a “rugger jersey” spine (Fig. Hyperparathy- Osteoporosis roidism: there are sub- periosteal erosions With excessive bone resorption, the bones may appear along the radial cortex reduced in density in some patients. This may particu- of the middle phalanges larly occur in postmenopausal women and the elderly, and of the terminal pha- langes of the second in whom bone resorption exceeds new bone formation, and third fingers with a net reduction in bone mass. Azotemic osteodystrophy: phosphate retention due to re- chronic renal insuffi- duced glomerular function associated with secondary hyper- ciency: bone sclerosis parathyroidism causes metastatic calcification in soft tissues of vertebral endplates around the left hip joint giving the appearance of a “rugger jersey” in the thoracic spine Hypoparathyroidism Etiology firmed by bone densitometry, which is an integral com- ponent in the evaluation of hyperparathyroidism. In Hypoparathyroidism can result from reduced or absent primary hyperparathyroidism, there is a pattern of parathyroid hormone production or from end-organ (kid- skeletal involvement that preferentially affects the cor- ney, bone or both) resistance. Bone mineral the parathyroid glands failing to develop, the glands be- density measurements made in sites in which cortical ing damaged or removed, the function of the glands be- bone predominates, e. The biochemical abnormality that creases after parathyroidectomy in primary hyper- results is hypocalcemia; this can clinically cause neuro- parathyroidism [24]. Acquired hypoparathyroidism results either from sur- Metastatic Calcification gical removal of the parathyroid glands or from autoim- mune disorders. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism, unless there is associated reduced usually presents during childhood, is more common in glomerular function resulting in phosphate retention. It may be associated with latter results in an increase in the calcium phosphate pernicious anemia and Addison’s disease. There may be product, and as a consequence amorphous calcium phos- antibodies to a number of endocrine glands as part of a phate is precipitated in organs and soft tissues [25]. At an early age epiphyseal dysplasia) and acquired (juvenile chronic of onset, the dentition is hypoplastic. Rarely, soft-tissue ossifi- A rare but recognized complication of hypoparathy- cation can occur in a periarticular distribution, usually in- roidism is an enthesopathy with extraskeletal ossification volving the hands and feet. In the spine this skeletal hyperostosis resembles most closely that de- Pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (Pphp) scribed by Forestier as “senile” hyperostosis [28, 29]. The ab- pain and stiffness in the back with limitation of move- normalities of metacarpal and metatarsal shortening, cal- ment. Extraskeletal ossification may be present around varial thickening, exostoses, soft-tissue calcification, and the pelvis, hip, and in the interosseous membranes and ossification are best identified on radiographs. Metastatic calcification, bowing of long bones and phatase, and on a normal body pH. Clinical features include tetany, cy of any of these substances, or if there is severe sys- cataracts, and nail dystrophy. This results in a qualitative abnormality of bone, hereditary syndromes, including Turner’s syndrome, with a reduction in the mineral to osteoid ratio, resulting acrodysostosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, fibrodysplasia in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. This usually involves unresponsiveness of both mature skeleton, the radiographic abnormalities predom- bone and kidneys. At skeletal maturity, when the process of en- condition is referred to as pseudohypohyperparathy- chondral ossification has ceased, the defective mineral- roidism, and the histologic and radiological features re- ization of osteoid is evident radiographically as Looser’s semble those of azotemic osteodystrophy. Many different Radiographic Abnormalities conditions can cause the same radiological abnormalities of rickets and osteomalacia. In the past, there was much Abnormalities may not be evident at birth but subse- confusion between these conditions, which had similar quently there develops premature epiphyseal fusion, cal- clinical and radiological features but different patterns of varial thickening, bone exostoses, and calcification in the progression and responses to therapies of the day. Metacarpal shorten- of the causes of confusion have been clarified with the in- ing is present, particularly affecting the fourth and fifth creased understanding during the twentieth century of the digits. This may result in a positive metacarpal sign in structure and function of vitamin D and its metabolites.

The cords appear laryngoscope be placed anterior to the vibrating cheap symmetrel 100mg on line, one excursion of vocal cord taking epiglottis discount symmetrel 100 mg with mastercard, in the vallecula cheap symmetrel 100mg line. This is also important while looking for cord paralysis as in such a Radiology is of considerable help in the diag- position the tip of the laryngoscope is not nosis and assessment of the laryngeal pressing on the aryepiglottic fold which might disorders such as the following: otherwise restrict the cord movements. Erosion of the laryngeal cartilage and voice production faults, by observing the assess the extent of disease in malignancy. To note the position of the tracheostomy Indirect laryngoscopy is done using an tube. The frequency of Usually the lateral view (X-ray of the soft flashes of interrupted light is adjusted to the tissues of neck) is helpful. The present day microsurgical techniques of the larynx are a credit to Kliensasser. This technique has through the nose into the oropharynx and revolutionised the treatment of various directed behind the epiglottis into the laryngeal conditions. The instrument gives a detailed The surgeon can thus detect early malignancy and minute view and allows biopsy and as well as its extent and can take a biopsy from photography. Similarly, areas of useful in conditions where direct laryn- leukoplakia are properly excised. The supraglottis includes the while on expiration these structures are forced epiglottis and false cords (vestibular folds). The When the obstruction lies below the vocal subglottis extends below the true cords to the cords, stridor is either heard both during inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage. The timing of stridor with respira- tory phase gives an idea about the site of Level of Physical findings obstruction obstruction. Stridor with Supraglottic Stridor is inspiratory and charac- terised by a lowpitched flutter. Glottic Stridor is inspiratory and expi- Stridor is produced by a number of condi- ratory and exhibits a phonatory tions which cause narrowing of the larynx or quality. Brassy, because the larynx is relatively small and barking cough is characteristic. Stridor is noisy breathing heard when Common Causes of Stridor there is obstruction to the free flow of air through the larynx or trachea. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis and acute lies mainly in the larynx, stridor is inspiratory laryngitis Stridor 325 3. Foreign bodies in the larynx and trachea Stridor gradually decreases in severity and 5. Sometimes other rare conditions like Reassurance is given to parents who are laryngeal webs, bifid epiglottis and laryn- told to avoid rough handling of the child, to geal cysts may be the aetiological factors. The and Haemophilus influenzae are secondary inva- condition manifests within a few weeks of ders. It is due to general flabbiness of the structures bounding Pathology the laryngeal aperture, particularly the flabbi- The inflammatory process is diffuse in the ness of the aryepiglottic folds. These get larynx and tracheobronchial tree but the main indrawn during inspiration thus producing area involved is the subglottic region of larynx. While on expiration, the folds are forced apart, The other characteristic feature is the stridor is inconstant and is sometimes production of tenacious, thick mucous which extremely marked. Stridor gets more the subglottic region and the thick secretions pronounced on crying and on exertion. Diagnosis is made on direct laryngoscopy, when indrawing of the aryepiglottic folds is Clinical Features evident and if the laryngoscope is passed The disease usually start as a mild upper between these folds, the stridor disappears. Dyspnoea with There occurs marked swelling of the recession of the intercostal supraclavicular and epiglottis which may extend to the supra- suprasternal spaces results. There is high fever, respiratory obstruction that can occur within toxaemia and restlessness. Oedema is the usual feature with semielliptical mounding of the subglottic The disease starts with a sore throat which tissues. Because of the inflamed Treatment supraglottic tissues, the patient finds it very difficult to swallow. The voice may be muffled Maintenance of the airway is of primary but is usually clear. Tracheostomy or endolaryngeal The degree of prostration and shock is intubation may be needed in severe cases. The patient looks anxious and Frequent suction of thick mucoid secretions frightened because of choking. Moist air should be provided to of the throat shows marked swelling of the such patients. This can be done by view shows what is termed as the ‘thumb sign; electrosonic nebulisers or by an oxygen tent erected over the bed and providing a boiling and this is due to the swollen epiglottis. These help to prevent Tracheostomy should be done to relieve complications by pathogenic organisms. Antibiotics, usually Corticosteroids help to reduce mucosal ampicillin, are the drugs of choice. The disease The term diphtheria is derived from the Greek is of bacterial origin and Haemophilus influenzae word diphtheria which means leather or type B is the most common causative organism. The disease is rare and is seen usually in the The disease affects children usually below age group of 3 to 6 years. The disease is still 328 Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases prevalent in underdeveloping countries vessels into the systemic circulation including India.

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There is bright enhancement of the rims of the collections secondary to inflammation and formation of granulation tissue purchase 100 mg symmetrel otc. As in conventional pyelonephritis buy generic symmetrel 100 mg line, there is inflammatory change of the perinephric fat cheap 100 mg symmetrel otc, but in contrast, there is much more frequent involvement of adjacent structures, particularly the ipsilateral psoas muscle, with rare involvement of other structures such as the colon. Unlike in conventional pyelonephritis, the previously mentioned staghorn calculus is usually present or rarely some other chronically obstructing lesion, such as tumor. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Renal Abscess Focal or multifocal bacterial infections can result in formation of renal abscess. Cortical abscesses result from hematogenous spread of infection, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common pathogen. Much more commonly, in contrast, corticomedullary abscesses result from ascending spread of infection from organisms in the urine. The latter type of abscess is more likely to extend to the renal capsule and perforate, resulting in perinephric abscess formation (Fig. Corticomedullary abscesses are uncommon complications of urinary tract infections; risk factors for their development include recurrent infections, untreated or ineffectively treated infections, renal calculi, instrumentation, vesicoureteral reflux, and diabetes mellitus (4). Plain radiographs may show radiopaque stones or intraparenchymal gas in patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis, but are generally not helpful for the identification of abscess alone. The “comet sign,” consisting of internal echogenic foci, indicates the presence of gas within the lesion. Gas may or may not be present within the lesion, and there is no enhancement centrally within the lesion. Uptake of indium-111-labeled leukocytes within the abscess can be seen, although false-negative results may occur if the patient has already been on antibiotic therapy, if the abscess is walled off, or if there is a poor inflammatory response (3,4). Mimic of Renal Abscess Renal cell carcinoma may mimic renal abscess on imaging examinations. Both are mass-like lesions within the kidney; however, unlike renal abscess, which does not enhance centrally, renal cell carcinoma typically demonstrates heterogeneous enhancement. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Psoas Abscess Primary psoas abscess is rare and usually idiopathic. Immunocompromised patients are at risk Radiology of Infectious Diseases and Their Mimics in Critical Care 79 for infection by opportunistic agents. Secondary psoas abscess is more common and may result from spread of infection from adjacent structures, including colon, kidney, and bone (6). Other findings include obliteration of normal fat planes as well as bone destruction and gas formation. Gas within a psoas abscess may also be related to an underlying bowel fistula, such as in Crohn’s disease or diverticulitis. Abnormal uptake on a Ga-67 scan may also be used for diagnosis, although other entities, such as lymphoma, also show increased uptake; this finding is therefore not specific. An indium-111 white blood cell scan alternatively can be used to confirm infection if needed and should be more specific, although percutaneous aspiration (and drainage) can be performed for more definitive diagnosis and therapy (6–8). Mimic of Psoas Abscess Differentiation from tumor, such as lymphoma, can be difficult with imaging alone, as both can present as low-attenuation lesions, although the presence of gas makes the diagnosis of abscess far more likely. Adjacent structures should be examined to determine if there is a source of secondary infection. In the case of lymphoma originating from para-aortic lymph nodes, a potential helpful differentiating feature is that there may be medial or lateral displacement of the muscle by tumor, rather than extension into the muscle, as would be seen in an abscess (9,10). Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Prostate Abscess Prostatic abscess occurs as a complication of acute bacterial prostatitis. Diabetic and immunocompromised patients are especially prone to this complication. The symptoms are similar to acute bacterial prostatitis, including fever, chills, and urinary frequency, with focal prostatic tenderness on physical exam (11). Abscesses can occur anywhere in the prostate, although they are usually centered away from the midline. Findings on ultrasound include focal hypoechoic or anechoic masses, with thickened or irregular walls, septations, and internal echoes. Mimic of Prostate Abscess A potential mimicker of prostate abscess is prostate carcinoma. Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer in American men and the second most common cause of male cancer deaths after lung cancer. Unlike prostate abscess, which can occur anywhere in the gland, prostate cancer occurs mainly in the peripheral zones. Ultrasound findings are somewhat similar to abscess in that carcinoma appears as an anechoic to hypoechoic mass. The contour is classically asymmetric or triangular with the base close to the capsule and extending centrally into the gland based on the pattern of tumor growth. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Liver Abscess There are three main types of liver abscess: pyogenic, amebic, and fungal. Pyogenic abscesses occur most often in the United States and are usually polymicrobial. Pyogenic liver abscesses occur by direct extension from infected adjacent structures or by hematogenous spread via the portal vein or hepatic artery. Clinical presentation may be insidious, with fever and right upper quadrant pain being the most common presenting complaints. The right lobe of the liver is more often affected secondary to bacterial seeding via the blood supply from both the superior mesenteric and portal veins.

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Clinical and Radiologic Features of Cerebritis Cerebritis is a term used to describe an acute inflammatory reaction in the brain discount symmetrel 100 mg without prescription, with altered permeability of blood vessels purchase 100mg symmetrel mastercard, but not angiogenesis order symmetrel 100 mg line. Cerebritis is the earliest form of brain infection that may then progress to abscess formation, as previously noted. Early in the course of disease, the initial diagnosis is made on clinical evaluation, including lumbar puncture, as imaging findings are often normal. Diffusion-weighted imaging findings depend on altered perfusion and the presence of vascular complications such as arterial occlusion (28,30). Mimic of Meningitis Carcinomatous meningitis occurs from both secondary and primary brain tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme, pineal tumors, and choroid plexus tumors can also extend along the leptomeninges. The enhancement pattern of carcinomatous meningitis is often thicker and irregular compared with that which is seen with infectious meningitis, although thin and linear enhancement can also occur. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Encephalitis Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma that may be focal or diffuse and is most commonly associated with viral infection (rather than cerebritis, which is associated with bacterial infection). Mimic of Encephalitis Restricted diffusion may be present, which, depending on clinical presentation, may rarely lead to confusion of the entity with acute infarction. White matter disease is also present, and the areas most affected are the periventricular regions and centrum semiovale, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the brainstem. Multiple sclerosis lesions are usually focal, although with severe illness they can become confluent (Fig. Bronchopneumonia is the most common type, with the prototype causative agent being staphylococcus. Radiographic findings include right heart enlargement, central pulmonary artery enlargement (usually when chronic, but occasionally when acute with a large clot burden), localized peripheral oligemia with or without distention of more proximal vessels (“Wester- mark sign”), and peripheral air-space opacification due to localized pulmonary hemorrhage. When lung infarction occurs, in a minority of cases, a pleural-based, wedge-shaped opacity can be identified, the “Hampton’s Hump. Additional radiographic findings include elevated hemidiaphragms due to myopathy and resultant low lung volumes with linear bibasilar atelectasis. The opacities will respond to steroids, unlike pneumonia and chronic interstitial disease (37,39). Figure 20 (A) Chest radiograph demonstrates dense opacification in the left upper lobe and at the right lung base in an adult patient with multilobar pneumonia. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Cavitary Pneumonia The term “cavity” with respect to the lung is used to describe an air-containing lesion with a thick wall (>4 mm) or within a surrounding area of pneumonia or an associated mass. Cavitary lung lesions result from neoplastic, autoimmune, and infectious processes. Staph pneumonia is a bronchopneumonia that initially appears on chest radiographs Radiology of Infectious Diseases and Their Mimics in Critical Care 95 Figure 21 (A). Although the appearance may be similar to pneumonia in some patients, the presence of embolus and absence of other clinical signs of infection in this patient estab- lishes the diagnosis pulmonary infarction with certainty. There is progressive confluence of the opacities resulting in lobar opacification. Abscess formation occurs late in the infection and is demonstrated by increasing demarcation of an initially ill-defined opacity with evolution into a round cavity with an irregular thick wall and possibly an air-fluid level (37). Gram-negative agents include Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, each of which has relatively specific radiographic features that can facilitate diagnosis, in addition to clinical history and sputum culture. In general, Gram-negative pneumonia can present as ill-defined pulmonary 96 Luongo et al. Infection is usually bilateral and multifocal, with the lower lobes affected more often. The infection manifests as lobar opacification with an exuberant inflammatory reaction, resulting in bulging fissures and a high incidence of effusion and empyema compared with other organisms. Infection may occur via the tracheobronchial tree, resulting in patchy opacities and abscess formation, or hematogenously, which is seen as diffuse, bilateral ill-defined nodular opacities (37). Aspergillosis Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is another entity that frequently results in focal lung infarctions and cavitary formation. Additional nodular lesions with surrounding ground-glass opacity, some of which were cavitating, were also seen through- out both lungs. The findings combined with the clinical information are highly compatible with invasive aspergillosis. There is also tracheal dilatation and preexistent bronchiectasis as well as architectural distortion of the upper lobes. Aspergillomas, which are not frankly angioinvasive in contrast to invasive aspergillosis, but which may cause hemoptysis or may be asymptomatic, move freely within the cavity and thus should change position between prone and supine imaging, a helpful identifying feature (37,38). The inner wall of a tuberculous lesion can be either smooth or irregular in appearance (Fig. Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis of Diffuse Bilateral Pneumonia Truly diffuse pneumonias are often viral in etiology. In the elderly or debilitated patient, infection can be fulminant and potentially fatal within a matter of days. Over the course of days to weeks, depending on the condition of the patient, diffuse consolidation may develop. In a healthy host, the findings should resolve within approximately three weeks (37,43). Herpes simplex virus is a rare entity, occurring primarily in the immunocompromised or those with airway trauma, such as the chronically intubated. Infection occurs either via aspiration, via extension from oropharyngeal infection, or hematogenously in cases of sepsis.

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