Mark Corson

By T. Murat. City University, Bellevue Washington. 2018.

However generic cabergoline 0.5 mg line, the model has recently been criticized for the following reasons (Weinstein et al cabergoline 0.5 mg free shipping. Researchers describe the difference between linear patterns between stages which are not consistent with a stage model and discontinuity patterns which are consistent generic cabergoline 0.5mg online. Such designs do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the role of different causal factors at the different stages (i. Experi- mental and longitudinal studies are needed for any conclusions about causality to be valid. These different aspects of health beliefs have been integrated into structured models of health beliefs and behaviour. For simplicity, these models are often all called social cognition models as they regard cognitions as being shared by individuals within the same society. However, for the purpose of this chapter these models will be divided into cognition models and social cognition models in order to illustrate the varying extent to which the models specifically place cognitions within a social context. Cognition models describe behaviour as a result of rational informa- tion processing and emphasize individual cognitions, not the social context of those cognitions. This section examines the health belief model and the protection motivation theory. However, over recent years, the health belief model has been used to predict a wide variety of health-related behaviours. The original core beliefs are the individual’s perception of: s susceptibility to illness (e. More recently, Becker and Rosenstock (1987) have also suggested that perceived control (e. This will also be true if she is subjected to cues to action that are external, such as a leaflet in the doctor’s waiting room, or internal, such as a symptom perceived to be related to cervical cancer (whether correct or not), such as pain or irritation. Norman and Fitter (1989) examined health screening behaviour and found that perceived bar- riers are the greatest predictors of clinic attendance. Several studies have examined breast self-examination behaviour and report that barriers (Lashley 1987; Wyper 1990) and perceived susceptibility (Wyper 1990) are the best predictors of healthy behaviour. Research has also provided support for the role of cues to action in predicting health behaviours, in particular external cues such as informational input. In fact, health promotion uses such informational input to change beliefs and consequently promote future healthy behaviour. Information in the form of fear-arousing warnings may change attitudes and health behaviour in such areas as dental health, safe driving and smoking (e. General information regarding the negative consequences of a behaviour is also used both in the prevention and cessation of smoking behaviour (e. Health information aims to increase knowledge and several studies report a significant relationship between illness knowledge and preventive health behaviour. One study manipulated knowledge about pap tests for cervical cancer by showing subjects an informative videotape and reported that the resulting increased knowledge was related to future healthy behaviour (O’Brien and Lee 1990). Janz and Becker (1984) found that healthy behavioural intentions are related to low perceived severity, not high as predicted, and several studies have suggested an association between low susceptibility (not high) and healthy behaviour (Becker et al. The results suggested that barriers to action was the best predictor of behavioural intentions and that perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer was also sig- nificantly related to screening behaviour. Janz and Becker (1984) carried out a study using the health belief model and found that the best predictors of health behaviour are perceived barriers and perceived susceptibility to illness. However, Becker and Rosenstock (1984) in a review of 19 studies using a meta-analysis that included measures of the health belief model to predict compliance, calculated that the best predictors of compliance are the costs and benefits and the perceived severity. It has also been criticized for several other weaknesses, including: s Its focus on the conscious processing of information (for example, is tooth-brushing really determined by weighing up the pros and cons? If the individual also felt confident that they could change their diet (self-efficacy) and that this change would have beneficial consequences (response effectiveness), they would report high intentions to change their behaviour (behavioural intentions). This study is interesting as it represents an attempt to integrate different models of health behaviour. It suggests that these factors elicit a state called ‘protection motivation’, which maintains any activity to cope with the threat. Methodology Subjects A total of 147 homosexual and 84 heterosexual subjects with multiple partners in the past six months took part in the study. They were recruited from Amster- dam through a variety of sources including informants, advertisements and a housing service. Questionnaire The questionnaire consisted of items on the following areas rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 Sexual behaviour and behavioural intentions: the subjects were asked about their sexual behaviour during the previous six months, including the number and type of partners, frequencies of various sexual techniques, condom use and future intentions. Results The results were analysed to examine the best predictors of sexual behaviour in both homosexual and heterosexual subjects. For example, when social norms and previous behaviour were also considered, there was improved associations with future behaviour. The authors suggested that when experiencing excess fear, attention may be directed towards reducing anxiety, rather than actually avoiding danger through changing behaviour. Perhaps, rather than developing models that can be applied to a whole range of behaviours, individual models should be adapted for each specific behaviour. Furthermore, the results have implications for developing interventions, and indicate that the health education campaigns which promote fear may have negative effects, with individuals having to deal with the fear rather than changing their behaviour. The results showed that susceptibility and self-efficacy predicted exercise intentions but that none of the variables were related to self-reports of actual behaviour.

Each system is independent of its subsystems that gives meaning to a series of events buy 0.25 mg cabergoline otc. When a nursing theorist identifies a specific through which of the following processes? Which of the following theorists believed that a person is a biopsychosocial being who is c generic 0.5mg cabergoline mastercard. According to Levine’s theory of nursing cheap cabergoline 0.5mg with visa, nurs- ing practice should focus on which of the d. The human and the complexity of his or when using the quantitative research process? State the research problem as a general to the behavioral system, when illness problem, as opposed to focusing narrowly occurs on the problem being studied. Do not define the purpose of the study stressors, with primary concern for the total until conclusions have been made. The culture of each individual group, or sources, including people, literature, society documents, and findings. Basic research is designed to directly influ- descriptions of nursing theorists and their cen- ence or improve clinical practice. Hildegard Peplau: Nursing is a therapeutic, on the level of current knowledge about a interpersonal, and goal-oriented process. Data that researchers collect from subjects who requires help to reach independence. A hypothesis is based on the independent ill person in the healthcare setting; describes variables that the researcher finds. Martha Rogers: A focus on rehabilitation, conditions that are manipulated or identi- encompassing nursing’s autonomy in the fied to determine the effects of the depend- therapeutic use of cure and care. Instruments are the devices used to collect self-care deficits require nursing actions. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Systems are hierarchical in nature and are functions that bring about a desired goal composed of interrelated subsystems that 2. Systems are not separated from each other and construct our perceptions of life by boundaries. A system communicates with and reacts to the common purpose of contributing an its environment through input and output. The theory describes the process by which living matter adjusts to other living 7. Defines a continuously occurring process coercion, or to refuse to participate without that effects change and involves interac- jeopardizing the care he/she will receive. Outlines human growth as a predictable supported by reliable research-based evidence. Adaptation theory principles of the following theories that are basic to many nursing concepts. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Which nursing theorist(s) best defines your own personal beliefs about nursing practice, and why? Describe how three different theories of nursing would direct the nursing care (identification and management of health/nursing needs) of c. A teacher who reported the inci- dent is close to the girl and asks to speak to the 3. Cultural influences on nursing: a piece of paper, along with a brief description of their basic tenets (refer to Table 5-1 in the textbook). Interview your faculty, nurses you know, and classmates and have them rank the theories in order of importance based on their own system of beliefs. Educational influences on nursing: give you an example of their personal philoso- phy that they would like to incorporate into their nursing practice. Note which theory was most widely respected, and determine its value to your own practice. Improved communication in nursing: Scenario: Charlotte Horn, the daughter of a 57-year-old patient being discharged with an order for intermittent nasogastric tube feedings, is being taught how to perform the procedure. During one of the teaching sessions, Charlotte asks several questions: “How will I know the e. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. What intellectual, technical, interpersonal, concerns regarding the care of her mother? Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. An action is right or wrong depending on the process used to arrive at the action. The rightness or wrongness of an action is not dependent on the process used to arrive Circle the letter that corresponds to the best at the action. When a nurse is able to recognize that an ethi- oped by the American Hospital Association to cal moment has occurred with a patient, he/ enumerate the rights and responsibilities of she is experiencing which of the following patients while receiving hospital care? A nurse who is caring for a new mother realizes agency could be described as the cultivated that the woman is not prepared to go home dispositions that allow one to act as one with her newborn after a hospital stay of only believes one ought to act? Ethical dissatisfaction support that patients and their families need to make the decision that is right for them, 3. Which of the following principles applies to he/she is practicing which of the following utilitarian action guiding theory? A nurse becomes a mentor to a student well-being over the claims of the patient’s nurse working on her floor.

Although the federal courts can remand cases that are brought into their system back to state courts for defnitive action safe cabergoline 0.25 mg, cases usually remain in federal court order cabergoline 0.25 mg fast delivery. Ofentimes the fnal disposition of a state criminal case is decided by the actions of a federal court relative to whether or not the accused received a fair trial in accordance with the U buy cabergoline 0.25 mg otc. Prior to the wide- spread use of electronic documents, each appellate jurisdiction or each state judiciary would publish printed volumes containing the verbatim written decisions handed down. Over the years, the number of individ- ual volumes was reduced as courts and even states banded together with commercial publishing frms to complete this important task. Today, most appellate decisions are posted on the various courts’ own websites on the day of decision. However, the decisions are also “published” electronically in various media for distribution to law libraries, attorneys, and commer- cial publishers. An ability to interpret the shorthand will not only allow an individual access to the decision, but also impart knowledge as to which 384 Forensic dentistry court decided the case and, in some cases, whether or not further appeal is likely. Te most important piece of information is the Reporter—the title of the volume in which the case can be found. Tese are commonly abbreviated; for example, the Southern Reporter, Tird Edition, is written as So. Federal appellate cases are found in the Federal Reporter, abbreviated as F, with F. Supreme Court (one published by the court itself and the other by a commercial publisher). Listed before the volume or reporter listing is a number representing the exact volume, and listed afer it is a number that is the page in the volume on which the opin- ion begins. Occasionally a second number follows (afer a comma) which points the reader to the exact page upon which the legal point in ques- tion is discussed; for example, 509 U. Supreme Court case) alerts the reader to search for the material on page 585 rather than reading from the beginning (page 579). Next, within parentheses are the date of the decision, and if the case is from an intermediate-level appellate court, the name of that court will be noted. Te advent of electronic databases and reporters such as WestLaw, Lexis-Nexis, and FindLaw coupled with the Internet may allow one to access a decision with as little information as one of the party names and the date or court. Unlike other (fact) witnesses, an expert witness is allowed to testify or pres- ent his or her opinion. An expert may conduct tests or other activities that assist him or her in reaching that opinion. However, the expert’s testimony and opinion must be grounded in accepted theory and practice. Although each state and the federal system have individual rules that dictate how expert testimony can be presented and used, most have a similar basis. United States in the federal district court for the District of Columbia and involved a precur- sor to what is popularly referred to as the lie detector. Te Jurisprudence and legal issues 385 use of this test—general acceptance—spread throughout the country with the practical efect that each judge would decide, ofen based on the state- ments of the expert himself or herself (or those from the opposing side), who and what could or could not be heard. But without published guidelines as a basis, the decision to hear or not hear an expert rested more in the mind of the judge than in the veracity of the science. Over the years, rising dissatisfac- tion with this standard culminated in the 1993 case Daubert v. Supreme Court decision established a four-part test for expert testimony: (1) that the theory is testable (has it been tested? Tis case enunciated the guidelines that formally establish the trial judge as the “gatekeeper” to determine the admissibility of scientifc evidence. Over the next several years two other cases refned the test for acceptance of an expert’s testimony. Joiner, established the principle that absent manifest error, the decision of the trial judge in his role as gatekeeper to admit or not admit expert scientifc testimony would not be disturbed on appeal. Tere are other branches of civil law encompassing contracts, prop- erty, wills and successions, trusts, divorce, and custody. However, occasionally an intentional tort, such as an assault or battery, can also become a criminal matter. In addition to intentional torts, there are also negligent torts and strict liability torts. Unlike the criminal justice system, where charges are brought based on 386 Forensic dentistry violations of the penal code, in the civil justice system, tort claims are made on the basis of injury or harm. Te remedy for these damages is monetary, unlike the criminal justice system, where life or liberty is at stake. Recoverable damages include loss of earnings, reasonable medical expenses, pain and sufering, and in some cases punitive damages. However, as health care professionals, dentists are more likely to become involved in two types of civil litigation: standard of care (malpractice) and personal injury. Dentists may become involved in these types of litigation in many ways—ofen as a practicing dentist against whom malpractice is alleged or as an expert witness testifying on behalf of the plaintif or the defendant dentist. A dentist may also be called to testify as a subsequent treating dentist (one who cared for the patient afer the alleged malpractice occurred) or even as a dentist who cared for the patient prior to the incident in question. In these situations the dentist plays a role similar to an expert, from whom opinion testimony may be sought. A legal answer to the summons or claim must be fled with the court in a timely fashion or a default judgment may be issued in favor of the complainant. Terefore, a dentist should immediately notify his or her insurance carrier whenever a claim or summons is received.