Mark Corson

By T. Kaelin. Southwestern University.

Because overreli- ance on laboratory and/or imaging can contribute to misdiagnoses discount 200 mg pyridium with amex, laboratory and imaging results should always be interpreted within the proper clinical context; clinical judgment should be exercised regarding the acquisition of consultation and/or observation cheap pyridium 200 mg with visa. Common diagnoses among elderly patients include biliary tract disease (23%) order pyridium 200mg with visa, diverticular disease (12%), bowel obstruction (11%), and undetermined (11%). Due to various reasons that include atypical clinical presentations and difficulty with communications, abdominal pain in the elderly is associated with high fre- quency of inaccurate diagnosis (up to 60%). For most elderly patients, the evaluation should be broadened to help identify cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, neoplastic, and neurologic causes of abdominal pain. Often symptoms in this population are attributable to an underlying medical comorbidity. It is important to bear in mind that medications taken by many elderly patients may contribute to abdominal problems, as well as alter the clinical presen- tations (eg, β-blockers may blunt pulse rate response to stress). When indicated, ancillary testing should be applied to assist in establishing the diagnosis; however, it is important to remember that the diagnostic accuracy of any test is dependent on the pretest probability, specificity, sensitivity, and disease prevalence of the test population. The diagnosis of pancreatitis should be suspected when patients present with persistent abdominal or back pain associated with elevated levels of serum lipase and/or amylase. Severity stratification for patients is helpful during the initial evaluation, as it may help direct the triage of patients to intensive care units or specialty care facilities. Prompt repletion of intravas- cular volume is essential in the prevention of renal dysfunction. When patients do not respond appropriately to their initial fluid management, central venous pres- sure monitoring, pulse-oximetry monitoring, and urine-output monitoring should be considered to help direct these efforts and avoid fluid overloading patients. Patients With Chronic or Recurrent Abdominal Pain Patients with chronic or recurrent abdominal pain represent one of the most dif- ficult diagnostic and management challenges for emergency medicine physicians. Similar to the approach taken toward patients with acute abdominal pain, the evaluation of chronic abdominal pain should begin with a thorough history. Events and activities that trigger or alleviate the symptoms may be helpful in identifying the organ systems of pain origin. Furthermore, detail description of the patterns and location of pain are helpful for categorization of pain as visceral pain, somatic pain, or referred pain, and based on these determinations, organ system and anatomical sources of abdominal pain also may be delineated. The physical examinations in these patients should be focused to help sort out the differential diagnosis formulated on the basis of history, and not a search for pathology. Unfortunately, the physical examination findings are sometimes difficult to interpret because of psychologic and personality changes, especially if the pain has been chronic, recurrent, and severe. Unfortunately, no specific laboratory or imaging studies are completely sensi- tive or specific for the diagnosis of abdominal pain. As a general rule, diagnostic studies should be selected only if results of the studies will lead to specific additional evaluations or treatment. Abnormalities within the liver functions panel may help identify choledocholithiasis, stenosing papillitis, and periampullary malig- nancy. Serum amylase elevation is generally seen in the setting of chronic or acute pancreatitis. Elevation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate may suggest the presence of autoimmune processes or collagen vascular disorders. Frequently, even after the completion of extensive, appropriate evaluations the patient’s condition may remain unrecognized. If possible, the results of the evalua- tion and diagnostic studies should be discussed with the patient’s primary care phy- sician, so that the patient may be provided with additional testing and follow-up. The patient describes having similar pain prior to the current episode, but previous episodes were less severe. The patient was diagnosed as having gastroesophageal reflux disease by her primary care physician and prescribed a proton pump inhibitor, which has been ineffective in resolving her pain. The administration of 30 mL of antacids and 4 mg of morphine sulfate resulted in some relief of pain. Obtain an ultrasound of the gallbladder, prescribe oral antibiotics, analgesics, and arrange for an outpatient follow-up with her primary care physician. A A 60-year-old man with persistent left lower quadrant pain, fever, and a tender mass B. A 70-year-old man with abdominal pain and distension, a 10-cm pulsatile mass in the epigastrium, and blood pressure of 70/50 mm Hg E. This patient has recurrent epigastric pain, which is attributed to gastro- esophageal reflux disease. However, the fact that her symptoms have been poorly controlled with proton pump inhibitors in the past suggests that the diagnosis is probably inaccurate. Her recurrent symptoms are likely caused by biliary tract disease, and her current presentation is highly suspicious for com- plicated biliary tract disease such as acute cholecystitis. Choice A represents testing for the evaluation of biliary tract disease, which is appropriate in this setting. Because of her fever, outpatient management approach described in choice E is inappropriate. Somatic pain is generally associated with irritation of the parietal perito- neum, resulting in localized, persistent, and sharp pain. This type of pain is aggravated by movement and can produce spasm in the overlying abdominal wall musculature, which is manifested as involuntary guarding. The patient in “D” is hemodynamically unstable and possesses signs and symptoms suggestive of ruptured abdominal aneurysm. The patient described in choice E has an incarcerated umbilical hernia with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction related to this finding. Narcotic medications will affect the characteristics and intensity of all abdominal pain, regardless of etiology. Prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the published evidence. She denies any recent fever, cough, or other upper respiratory infec- tious symptoms.

While planning this book generic pyridium 200mg line, we endeavored to incorporate ar- ticles that cover the entire gamut of current medicinal plants research buy pyridium 200mg on line. The aim of this book was to review the current status of bioactive molecules and medicinal plants research in light of the surge in the demand for herbal medicine cheap pyridium 200 mg on-line. We hope that this book will be useful for researchers in academia, industry, and agriculture planning. Finally, we would like to acknowledge our contributors, who have made seri- ous efforts to ensure the high scientifc quality of this book. Sukhadia University as an Associate Professor in 1991 and became a Professor in 2001. He did his postdoctoral study at the University of Tours, France (1983–85) and subsequently worked as visiting professor at the University of Tours (1991) and University of Bor- deaux 2, France (1995, 1999, 2003, 2006). He has published more than 100 research papers and review articles in reputed journals and books. He joined the Uni- versity of Tours as a faculty member in 1982, became associate professor in 1987, and a full Professor in 1993 at the faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bor- deaux 2, Bordeaux, France. He is currently group leader of a “study group on biologically active plant substances” at the Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, which comprises 20 scientists and research students. He has published more than 80 research papers in internationally recognized journals. He is involved in developing courses and research on phytochemistry and biological properties of compounds from vine and wine in France and has traveled widely as a senior professor. Scientists from several countries are working in his laboratory and his research is supported by funds from the Vinegrowers Association, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and various private enterprises. Sukhadia University Laboratory of Biomolecular Udaipur-313001 Technology, Department of Botany India M. Brisson 37007-Salamanca Department of Biochemistry Spain and Microbiology, Research in Heath corchpu@usal. Ganeshaiah Quebec Department of Genetics and Plant Canada Breeding G1K 7P4 University of Agricultural Sciences louise. Geszprych Department of Forest Biology Department of Vegetable College of Forestry and Medicinal Plants Sirsi 581401 Warsaw Agricultural University India Nowoursynowska 159 02-776 Warsaw Sumita Jha Poland Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research Seemanti Ghosh Department of Botany Centre of Advanced Study in University of Calcutta Cell and Chromosome Research 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Department of Botany Calcutta 700019 University of Calcutta India 35 Ballygunge Circular Road sjbot@caluniv. Mathur Laboratory of Plant Physiology Laboratory of Biomolecular Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Botany Biotechnology M. Sukhadia University Agricultural University of Athens Udaipur-313001 Iera Odos 75 India 11855 Athens Greece Professor Jean-Michel Mérillon spiroskintzios@usa. Salim Laboratory of Biomolecular College of Pharmacy Technology, Department of Botany The Ohio State University M. Węglarz Ashoka Trust for Research in Department of Vegetable Ecology and the Environment #659 and Medicinal Plants 5th A Main Warsaw Agricultural University Hebbal Nowoursynowska 159 Bangalore 560024 02-776 Warsaw India Poland weglarz@alpha. Plant secondary metabolites can also serve as drug precursors, drug prototypes, and pharmacological probes. Re- cent developments in drug discovery from plants, including information on approved drugs and compounds now in clinical trials, are presented. There are also several plant extracts or “phytomedicines” in clinical trials for the treat- ment of various diseases. Keywords Natural products, Plant-derived drugs, Drug discovery, Drug development, Drug precursors, Drug prototypes, Pharmacological probes, New therapeutic agents, Clinical trials, Accelerated discovery techniques 1. Plants have also been utilized for additional purposes, namely as arrow and dart poisons for hunting, poisons for murder, hallucinogens used for ritualistic purposes, stimulants for endur- ance, and hunger suppression, as well as inebriants and medicines. The plant chemicals used for these latter purposes are largely the secondary metabolites, which are derived biosynthetically from plant primary metabolites (e. These secondary metabolites can be classifed into several groups according to their chemical classes, such alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics [1]. Kinghorn Arrow and dart poisons have been used by indigenous people in certain parts of the world with the principal ingredients derived from the genera Aco- nitum (Ranunculaceae), Akocanthera (Apocynaceae), Antiaris (Moraceae), Chondrodendron (Menispermaceae), Strophanthus (Apocynaceae), and Strych- nos (Loganiaceae) [2]. Most compounds responsible for the potency of arrow and dart poisons belong to three plant chemical groups, namely the alkaloids (e. In some cultures, toxic plant extracts were also used for murder and “trials by ordeal,” where a person accused of a crime was given a noxious brew, and it was believed that if innocent, this suspect would survive this ordeal. Certain plants formerly used for arrow poisons, such as several Aconitum species, have also been used as medicines at lower dosages, for their analgesic and anti-in- fammatory properties [4]. In fact, many compounds isolated from poisonous plants were later developed as therapeutic drugs, due to their desirable pharma- cological actions [5, 6]. The use of hallucinogens in the past was usually associated with magic and ritual. However, these hallucinogens have been exploited as recreational drugs and accordingly may lead to habituation problems. Several well-recognized plants that contain hallucinogenic or psychoactive substances (the compound names are given in parentheses) include Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb. Several of these plants are also used as drugs due to their desired pharmaco- logical activities, and some of the constituents of these plants have been devel- oped into modern medicines, either in the natural form or as lead compounds subjected to optimization by synthetic organic chemistry [5, 6]. The Aztec nobility used to consume bitter beverages containing raw cocoa beans (Theo- broma cacao L. Nowadays, tea, coffee, and cocoa are important commodities and their consumption has spread world- wide. The active components of these stimulants are methylated xanthine de- rivatives, namely caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, which are the main constituents of coffee, tea, and cocoa, respectively [9]. Chapter 1 Drug Discovery from Plants 3 The most popular inebriants in society today are wine, beer, and liquor made from the fermentation of fruits and cereals. The intoxicating ingredient of these drinks is ethanol, a by-product of bacterial fermentation, rather than secondary plant metabolites.

Consumo de otros estupefacientes: fentanilo cheap 200mg pyridium visa, principales análogos del fentanilo y la piritramida effective pyridium 200 mg, 2003-2007 (continuación) Fentanyl Alfentanil Remifentanil Sufentanil Country or non-metropolitan territory Year Piritramide Rémifentanil Pays ou territoire non métropolitain Année Fentanilo Alfentanilo Sufentanilo Piritramida Remifentanilo País o territorio no metropolitano Año (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Tristan da Cunha pyridium 200mg for sale............................ Consumo de otros estupefacientes: fentanilo, principales análogos del fentanilo y la piritramida, 2003-2007 (continuación) Fentanyl Alfentanil Remifentanil Sufentanil Country or non-metropolitan territory Year Piritramide Rémifentanil Pays ou territoire non métropolitain Année Fentanilo Alfentanilo Sufentanilo Piritramida Remifentanilo País o territorio no metropolitano Año (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) U nitedKingdom............................. Consumo de otros estupefacientes: fentanilo, principales análogos del fentanilo y la piritramida, 2003-2007 (continuación) Fentanyl Alfentanil Remifentanil Sufentanil Country or non-metropolitan territory Year Piritramide Rémifentanil Pays ou territoire non métropolitain Année Fentanilo Alfentanilo Sufentanilo Piritramida Remifentanilo País o territorio no metropolitano Año (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Yem en..................................... Consumo de otros estupefacientes: otros derivados de los alcaloides del opio, 2003-2007 (For the explanatory notes to this table, see page 176 — Pour les notes explicatives à ce tableau, voir page 180 — Para las notas explicativas sobre este cuadro, véase página 184) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Drug — Stupéfiant — Estupefaciente (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Acetyldihydrocodeinea — Acétyldihydrocodéinea — Acetildihidrocodeínaa.... Consumo de otros estupefacientes: otros opioides sintéticos, 2003-2007 (For the explanatory notes to this table, see page 176 — Pour les notes explicatives à ce tableau, voir page 180 — Para las notas explicativas sobre este cuadro, véase página 184) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Drug — Stupéfiant — Estupefaciente (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) A nileridine— A niléridine— A nileridina............................... Comprend également la pentazocine, analgésique placé sous contrôle en vertu de la Convention de 1971. También está incluida la pentazocina, analgésico sujeto a fiscalización con arreglo al Convenio de 1971. Totales de las existencias de estupefacientes, 2003-2007 (For the explanatory notes to this table, see page 178 — Pour les notes explicatives à ce tableau, voir page 182 — Para las notas explicativas sobre este cuadro, véase página 186) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Drug — Stupéfiant — Estupefaciente (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Acetyldihydrocodeine — Acétyldihydrocodéine — Acetildihidrocodeína. Totales de las existencias de estupefacientes, 2003-2007 (continuación) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Drug — Stupéfiant — Estupefaciente (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Oripavine— Oripavina......................................... Comercio internacional: exportaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (For the explanatory notes to this table, see page 178 — Pour les notes explicatives à ce tableau, voir page 182 — Para las notas explicativas sobre este cuadro, véase página 186) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Exporting country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain exportateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano exportador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Argentina — Argentine 2005 150 — — 2 — — 32 — < < — 1 — — 2006 207 — — 6 1 — 217 — < < — 2 — — 2007 76 1 — 3 < < — 56 — 12 — 1 — — Australia — Australie 2005 19 153 — — 1 661 11 20 — — < < 9 50 — 1 2006 19 049 — — 2 709 < < 48 1 — 1 16 57 — 4 2007 26 996 — — 7 501 < < — 1 — < < 13 41 — < < Austria — Autriche 2005 — — — 424 59 — — — < < 2 277 — — 2006 — — — 586 75 — — — < < 1 258 — — 2007 2 — — 540 98 — — — 1 3 288 — — Barbados — Barbade 2005a — — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2006? Comercio internacional: exportaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Exporting country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain exportateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano exportador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Slovenia — Slovénie — Eslovenia 2005 — — — 6 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 2 — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — 2007 — 1 — 11 4 — — — — — — — — South Africa — Afrique du Sud — 2005 60 — — 16 — < < < < — 92 < < 42 1 — Sudáfrica 2006 3 — — 9 — — — — 147 < < 68 1 — 2007 24 — — 15 — — — — 128 < < 123 < < — Spain — Espagne — España 2005 888 — — 3 — — — — < < — 841 — — 2006 1 556 — — 2 846 1 — — — — < < 800 — — 2007 282 — — 3 < < — 86 — < < 9 1 403 — — Sweden — Suède — Suecia 2005 61 — — 358 — — 300 — 4 — 3 — — 2006 < < — — 313 — — 600 — 4 — 4 — — 2007 < < — — 270 — — — — 5 — 2 — — Switzerland — Suisse — Suiza 2005 3 255 15 41 304 23 15 3 693 9 37 3 122 104 < < 14 2006 3 754 113 83 491 5 15 5 550 8 41 4 077 37 < < 4 2007 6 921 67 43 333 538 — 5 386 7 41 7 243 46 < < < < The former Yugoslav Rep. Yugoslava de Macedonia 2007 — — — 2 — — — — — 51 — — — Turkey — Turquie — Turquía 2005 2 914 — 83 61 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 3 069 — 81 75 — — — — < < — — — — 2007 2 866 < < 49 99 — — — — — — — — — Ukraine — Ucrania 2005 1 — — 19 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 1 — — 26 — — — — < < — — — — 2007 1 — — 16 — — — — < < — — — — United Kingdom — Royaume-Uni — 2005 16 833 2 445 — 8 176 6 660 731 335 14 7 2 494 245 < < 19 Reino Unido 2006 20 754f 3 576 f — 7 371f 7 370f 862f 979f 28 58f 2 510f 508f — 64 2007 20 338f,g 2 332 f,g — 9 353f,g 9 285f,g 1 580 810 32 99f,g 2 949f,g 234 — 78 United States of America — 2005 1 080 201 — 608 172 — 1 110 16 114 256 788 — 1 États-Unis d’Amérique — 2006 1 161 536 — 433 192 — 1 175 4 148 457 811 — < < Estados Unidos de América 2007 777 224 — 727 155 — 1 371 19 130 647 282 — < < W orld total 2005 94 498 7 160 803 21 018 9 809 4 451 96 375 3 114 2 716 7 804 4 869 13 554 343 Total mondial 2006 94 109 10 863 764 28 294 10 200 3 708 82 449 1 628 1 942 9 453 4 523 24 195 307 Total mundial 2007 107 045 9 289 823 26 259 12 322 3 586 83 291 3 183 2 613 13 709 4 558 19 515 477 aStatistics incomplete since not all quarterly reports were received. Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (For the explanatory notes to this table, see page 178 — Pour les notes explicatives à ce tableau, voir page 182 — Para las notas explicativas sobre este cuadro, véase página 186) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Afghanistan — Afganistán 2005a < < — — — — — — — — — < < — — 2006? Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Bhutan — Bhoutan — Bhután 2005a — — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2006? Bosnia y Herzegovina 2007a 1 — — 3 — 11 — — < < 4 — — — Botswana 2005 1 < < — 1 — — 3 — < < — 7 < < — 2006 4 < < — < < — — 4 — < < — 1 < < — 2007 5 < < — 3 — — 5 — < < — 4 < < — Brazil — Brésil — Brasil 2005 572 — — 1 173 9 — 60 — 1 < < 174 — < < 2006a 864b — — 2 857b — — — — < < — 91 — — 2007 1 573 — — 8 627 10 — 45 — 1 36 148 — — Brunei Darussalam — 2005 — — — 1 — — — — < < — 2 — — Brunéi Darussalam 2006 — — — < < — — — — < < — 2 — — 2007 — — — 1 — — — — < < — < < — — Bulgaria — Bulgarie 2005 2 133 17 16 54 4 — — — < < 25 13 17 — 2006 2 005 19 16 71 8 — — — < < 30 18 17 — 2007 1 554 17 16 64 6 — — — < < 40 — 9 — Burundi 2005 — — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2006a — — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — < < — 5 — — Cambodia — Cambodge — Camboya 2005 59 — — 1 — — 90 — < < — — — — 2006 40 — — < < — — 90 — < < — < < — — 2007 70 — — < < — — 180 — < < — < < — — Canada — Canadá 2005 14 738 < < — 2 535 3 453 — 180 26 35 707 958 — 19 2006 19 946 < < — 2 155 3 541 — 270 9 45 869 917 — 18 2007 17 472 < < — 2 856 4 649 — 90 20 77 1 223 527 — 12 Central African Republic — 2005a 6 — — < < — 2 3 — — — — — — République centrafricaine — 2006a 6 — — < < — 2 3 — — — — — — República Centroafricana 2007? Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Costa Rica 2005 630 — — 11 — — — — < < 2 — — — 2006 273 — — 1 — — — — < < 2 4 — < < 2007 1 — — 5 — — — — < < 1 — — < < Croatia — Croatie — Croacia 2005 154 — — 4 < < — — — 2 45 9 — 1 2006 2 — — 3 1 — — — 1 2 — — 1 2007 — — — 4 1 — — — 1 113 — — < < Cuba 2005 414 — — — — — 903 — < < — — — — 2006 329 — — 15 — — 969 — 1 — 17 — — 2007 59 — — 20 — — 4 — < < — — — — Cyprus — Chypre — Chipre 2005 1 658 — — 2 1 — 1 193 — < < < < 4 — — 2006 53 — — 2 1 — 1 238 — < < < < 5 — — 2007 176 — — 2 1 — 1 080 2 < < < < 5 — — Czech Republic — 2005 172 — — 55 28 — — — 4 6 80 < < — République tchèque — 2006 242 — 9 65 30 — — — 4 12 91 — 2 República Checa 2007 225 — 4 57 48 — — — 6 11 30 — 2 Democratic Rep. Democrática del Congo 2007 27 — — < < — — — — < < — 2 — — Denmark — Danemark — Dinamarca 2005 1 979 — 25 2 605 1 986 — 45 — 10 497 68 — 2 2006 1 817 — 26 2 164 1 682 5 428 1 14 391 71 — 6 2007 2 224 — 13 2 334 1 479 — 68 1 15 455 67 — < < Dominican Republic — 2005 — — — 4 < < — — — < < — < < — — République dominicaine — 2006 — — — 8 2 — — — < < < < 1 — — República Dominicana 2007 — — — 5 — — — — < < — — — — Ecuador — Équateur 2005 144 15 — 1 2 — 338 9 < < < < — — — 2006 253 24 — 4 1 — 428 37 < < — — — — 2007 81 < < — 2 2 — 315 15 < < — — — — Egypt — Égypte — Egipto 2005 263 2 — 12 1 140 — — < < — 22 — — 2006 118 — — 1 — 45 — 5 < < — — — — 2007 355 2 — 9 1 25 — — < < — 44 — — El Salvador 2005 47 — — 2 1 — 1 — < < 1 14 — — 2006 23 — — < < 2 — 9 — < < 1 12 — — 2007 49 — — < < 4 — — — < < 2 16 — — Eritrea — Érythrée 2005 2 — — < < — — — — — — 9 — — 2006 2 — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — — — — — — Estonia — Estonie 2005 < < < < < < 7 1 — — — < < 9 5 — < < 2006 — — — 5 4 — — — < < 10 4 — < < 2007 < < — — 14 4 — — — < < 21 5 — 1 Ethiopia — Éthiopie — Etiopía 2005 — — — < < — — — — — — 2 — — 2006 — — — 5 — — — — — — 5 — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — — — 8 — — Finland — Finlande — Finlandia 2005 841 — 69 29 89 19 1 419 — 8 35 90 — 4 2006 1 090 — 23 13 134 38 1 836 — 9 6 47 — 3 2007 1 392 — 50 19 123 58 1 535 — 10 45 89 — 3 France — Francia 2005 10 268 — 179 580 — 43 832 < < 56 505 22 — < < 2006 370 936 1 10 121 250 — 26 414 — 58 495 30 < < < < 2007 129 932 < < 191 357 25 18 416 — 62 1 226 74 < < 5 French Polynesia — 2005 — — — 2 — — — — < < < < < < — < < Polynésie française — 2006 — — — 1 — — — — < < — < < — < < Polinesia Francesa 2007 — — — 2 < < — — — < < — — — — Gambia — Gambie 2005a — — — < < — — — — — < < < < — — 2006a < < 2 — < < — — < < — — — < < — — 2007? Democrática Popular Lao 2007 < < — — < < — — — — < < — 3 — — Latvia — Lettonie — Letonia 2005 1 — — 7 < < — — — < < — 5 — — 2006 1 — — 23 < < — — — < < 1 1 — — 2007 1 — — 3 < < — — — < < 2 2 — — Lebanon — Liban — Líbano 2005 41 — — 4 — — 90 — < < — 11 — — 2006 37 — — 4 — — 45 — < < — 11 — — 2007 39 — — 5 — — 45 — < < — 10 — — Lesotho 2005 — — — < < — — — — — — 1 — — 2006? Libyan Arab Jamahiriya — 2005 — — — — — — — — < < — — — — Jamahiriya arabe libyenne — 2006 — — — < < — — — — < < — 18 — — Jamahiriya Árabe Libia 2007 11 — — < < — — — — < < — 11 — — Lithuania — Lituanie — Lituania 2005 — — — 10 — — — — 1 10 5 — — 2006 < < — — 10 — — — — 1 4 9 — — 2007 — — — 12 — — — — 1 7 8 — — Luxembourg — Luxemburgo 2005 < < — — 4 — — 1 — < < 8 < < 29 < < 2006? Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Marshall Islands — Îles Marshall — 2005 < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Islas Marshall 2006 1 — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2007 1 — — < < — — — — — — < < — — Mauritania — Mauritanie 2005 2 — — < < — — — — < < — — — — 2006 — — — < < — — — — < < — — — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — < < < < — — — Mauritius — Maurice — Mauricio 2005a — — — < < — — — — < < — 3 — — 2006 < < — — < < — — — — < < < < 4 — — 2007 — — — 1 — — — — < < 23 5 — — Mexico — Mexique — México 2005 175 — — 23 — — 1 473 — 1 24 — — — 2006 183 — — 39 1 — 1 648 — 2 49 — — — 2007a 96 — — 30 2 — 738 — 1 39 — — — Micronesia (Federated States of) — 2005 < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Micronésie (États fédérés de) — 2006 < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Micronesia (Estados Federados de) 2007a < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Moldova — Moldova — Moldovac 2005 8 — — 5 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 27 — — 3 — — — — < < — — < < — 2007 23 — — 4 — — — — < < 2 — < < — Mongolia — Mongolie 2005 — — — 5 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 1 — — 2 — — — — < < — — — — 2007 1 — — 7 — — — — < < — — — — Morocco — Maroc — Marruecos 2005 624 — — 9 — 100 2 025 — < < 1 — — — 2006 483 — — 7 — 149 1 035 — < < — — — — 2007 529 — — 10 — 174 1 775 — < < — — — — Mozambique 2005 1 — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2006 3 — — 1 — — — — < < — 5 — — 2007a < < — — 1 — — — — < < — — — — Myanmar 2005 — — — — — — — — < < 8 — — — 2006a — — — — — — — — — 22 — — — 2007a — 1 — — — — — — — 19 5 — — Namibia — Namibie 2005a < < — — 2 — — — — < < < < 4 < < — 2006a — — — 1 — — — — < < < < < < < < — 2007a — — — < < — — — — < < — 9 1 — Nepal — Népal 2005 55 — — 2 — — — — — — 3 — — 2006 118 — — 2 — — — — — — 10 — — 2007 105 — — 4 — — — — — 1 7 — — Netherlands — Pays-Bas — 2005 465 101 — 588 111 14 90 — 17 372 26 — 18 Países Bajos 2006 447 < < — 600 125 29 — — 20 351 16 — 29 2007 1 507 29 — 1 271 148 43 153 — 25 639 22 — 19 Netherlands Antilles — 2005 3 — — < < < < — — — < < — < < — — Antilles néerlandaises — 2006 2 — — < < < < — — — < < < < 1 — — Antillas Neerlandesas 2007 4 — — 1 < < — — — < < < < 1 — — New Caledonia — 2005 — — — 2 < < — — — < < < < — — — Nouvelle-Calédonie — 2006 — — — 2 < < — — — < < < < — — — Nueva Caledonia 2007 — — — 2 < < — — — < < < < — — < < New Zealand — 2005 486 — — 154 11 37 1 200 6 1 388 45 — 1 Nouvelle-Zélande — 2006 1 117 — 2 201 40 10 1 200 9 1 302 61 — 2 Nueva Zelandia 2007 526 300 1 140 29 19 1 200 14 1 290 33 — 1 Nicaragua 2005 — — — 1 — — — — < < — — — — 2006 — — — 3 — — — — < < — — — — 2007 — — — 1 < < — 2 — < < — < < — — Nigeria — Nigéria 2005a 115 1 — 2 — — — — < < — 32 — — 2006a 74 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2007? Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Saudi Arabia — 2005 89 — — 8 2 — < < — < < < < 45 — — Arabie saoudite — 2006 90 < < — 11 2 — < < — 1 1 66 — — Arabia Saudita 2007 90 < < — 15 2 — — — 1 1 77 — — Senegal — Sénégal 2005a 36 — — < < — — < < — — — — — — 2006a 521 — — 1 — — — — < < — — — < < 2007a 378 — — 1 — — — — < < — — — — Serbia — Serbie — Serbiae 2005a — — — < < < < — — — < < 13 — — — 2006 — — — 1 < < — — — 1 11 3 — — 2007 — < < — 2 — — — — 3 13 3 — — Seychelles 2005 2 — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2006 9 — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2007 4 — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Sierra Leone — Sierra Leona 2005 1 — — 11 — — — — — — 2 — — 2006 < < 1 — < < — — — — — — < < — — 2007a 1 — — < < — — — — — — < < — — Singapore — Singapour — Singapur 2005 1 058 — — 9 4 13 — 111 < < < < 15 — 1 2006 767 100 — 10 < < 26 — 86 < < < < 12 — 1 2007 910 — — 4 1 9 — 56 < < < < 8 — < < Slovakia — Slovaquie — Eslovaquia 2005 5 < < — 10 10 1 — — 1 < < 2 — 1 2006 98 — 6 13 11 — — — 2 — — — 1 2007 235 — 8 10 11 — — — 4 — — — < < Slovenia — Slovénie — Eslovenia 2005 14 3 — 19 6 5 — — 1 9 3 — 1 2006 25 2 — 39 10 2 — — 2 67 — — 2 2007 31 2 — 49 9 9 — — 2 49 3 — < < Solomon Islands — Îles Salomon — 2005a — — — < < — — — — — — < < — — Islas Salomón 2006 — — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — South Africa — Afrique du Sud — 2005 < < 40 — 25 < < — 1 891 — 1 1 305 9 5 Sudáfrica 2006 < < 132 — 37 < < — 2 235 — 1 1 152 48 3 2007 < < 76 — 22 — — 1 365 — 1 — 609 33 5 Spain — Espagne — España 2005 24 — — 307 43 — 5 449 — 47 9 — < < < < 2006 < < — — 111 44 — 4 294 — 54 — — < < < < 2007 37 10 — 332 99 — 2 737 — 64 — — < < < < Sri Lanka 2005 43 — — 2 — — — — < < < < 23 — — 2006 37 — — 8 — — — — < < < < 47 — — 2007 81 — — 13 — — — — < < < < 42 — 1 Sudan — Soudan — Sudán 2005 — — — < < — — — — — — 3 — — 2006 — — — 1 — — — — < < — 7 — — 2007a — — — < < — — — — — — 3 — — Swaziland — Swazilandia 2005 < < < < — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2006a < < — — < < — — — — < < — 1 < < — 2007? Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) The former Yugoslav Rep. Yugoslava de Macedonia 2007 — — — — — — — — < < 64 — — — Togo 2005 — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — 2006 — — — 1 — — — — < < — — — — 2007 — — — < < — — — — — — 2 — — Tonga 2005 1 — — < < — 3 — — < < — < < — — 2006 1 — — < < — 2 — — < < — < < — — 2007 < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — Trinidad and Tobago — 2005? Trinité-et-Tobago — 2006 — — — 4 — — — — < < — 19 — — Trinidad y Tabago 2007 — — — 3 — — — — < < — 15 — — Tristan da Cunha — Tristán da Cunha 2005a < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < — — 2006a < < — — < < — — — — < < — < < < < — 2007a < < < < — — — — — — < < — — — — Tunisia — Tunisie — Túnez 2005 197 — 59 20 — 30 1 968 — < < — 4 — — 2006 238 — 83 19 — 19 1 720 — < < — 3 — — 2007 259 — 60 20 — 19 2 365 — < < — 5 — — Turkey — Turquie — Turquía 2005 222 — — 23 — — — 26 4 < < 180 < < 2 2006 < < — — 7 — — — 23 4 — 174 < < — 2007 < < — — 7 — — — 31 6 — 209 — < < Turkmenistan — Turkménistan — 2005 — — — 2 — — — — < < — — — — Turkmenistán 2006 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2007 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Turks and Caicos Islands — 2005 — — — — < < — — — — — < < — — Îles Turques et Caïques — 2006 < < < < — < < < < — — — < < — < < — — Islas Turcas y Caicos 2007 < < < < — < < < < — — — < < — < < — — Uganda — Ouganda 2005a 4 — — 1 — — — — — — 8 — — 2006 13 — — 9 — — — — — — 15 — — 2007 19 — — 8 — — — — — — 19 — — Ukraine — Ucrania 2005 361 — — 45 — — — — 1 — — — — 2006 521 — — 71 — — — — 1 — — — — 2007 1 239 — — 53 — — — — 1 26 — — — United Arab Emirates — 2005 70 — — 5 < < — 15 — < < < < 10 — — Émirats arabes unis — 2006 65 < < — 2 — — 32 — < < — 11 — — Emiratos Árabes Unidos 2007 60 — — 2 1 — 5 — < < — 7 — — United Kingdom — Royaume-Uni — 2005 4 470 503 — 668 22 646 3 100 93 537 509 44 175 114 Reino Unido 2006 6 801 1 976 — 1 158 379 480 1 485 93 304 450 56 — 110 2007 4 688b,c 2 888 b,c — 877b,c 44b,c — 3 398b,c < < 461b,c 406b,c 46 — 313b,c United Republic of Tanzania — 2005 37 — — 6 — — — — < < — 33 — — République-Unie de Tanzanie — 2006a 15 — — 3 — — — — — — 1 — — República Unida de Tanzanía 2007a — — — 6 — — — — — — — — — United States of America — 2005 — — — < < < < — — < < < < < < — — — États-Unis d’Amérique — 2006 < < — < < — — — — — 1 — — — < < Estados Unidos de América 2007 < < — — < < < < — < < < < < < — — — < < Uruguay 2005 20 — 2 17 — — 187 — < < < < 17 — — 2006a 2 — — 10 — — 2 — < < < < — — — 2007 15 — — 14 — — 23 — < < < < — — — Uzbekistan — Ouzbékistan — 2005 < < — — 3 — — — — < < — — — — Uzbekistán 2006 < < — — 2 — — — — < < 1 — — — 2007 < < — — 3 — — — — < < 3 — — — Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. Comercio internacional: importaciones de los principales estupefacientes, 2005-2007 (continuación) Opium alkaloids and their derivates Synthetic opioids Others Alcaloïdes de l’opium et leurs dérivés Opioïdes synthétiques Autres Alcaloides del opio y sus derivados Opioides sintéticos Otros Importing country or non-metropolitan territory Year Pays ou territoire Dihydro- Dextropro- Année codeine poxyphene non métropolitain importateur Codeine Ethylmorphine Diphenoxylate Methadone Pethidine Cocaine Año Dihydro- Morphine Oxycodone Pholcodine Dextropro- Fentanyl Tilidine País o territorio Codéine Éthylmorphine Diphénoxylate Méthadone Péthidine Cocaïne no metropolitano importador codéine Morfina Oxicodona Folcodina poxyphène Fentanilo Tilidina Codeína Dihidro- Etilmorfina Dextropro- Difenoxilato Metadona Petidina Cocaína codeína poxifeno (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Yemen — Yémen 2005 — — — < < — — — — < < — 2 — — 2006 16 — — < < — — — — < < — 1 — — 2007 7 — — 1 — — — — < < — 8 — — Zambia — Zambie 2005 1 < < — 1 — — 25 — < < — 6 — — 2006a 3 — — — — — 25 — — — 12 — — 2007a < < — — — — — — — — — — — — Zimbabwe 2005 209 — — 8 — < < 45 — < < — 16 < < < < 2006a 19 — — — — — — — — — 2 — — 2007? W orld total 2005 91 508 6 862 855 20 589 10 123 4 560 95 151 2 975 2 758 7 935 4 722 13 696 347 Total mondial 2006 94 410 10 526 781 30 177 10 162 3 798 80 906 1 795 1 939 9 321 4 573 24 724 295 Total mundial 2007 109 823 9 852 815 30 139 12 232 2 872 76 910 2 740 2 591 13 338 4 442 19 334 483 Note: A question mark “? Part five Comparative statement of estimates and statistics for 2007 Cinquième partie État comparatif des évaluations et des statistiques pour 2007 Quinta parte Estado comparativo de las previsiones y las estadísticas de 2007 Notes: Notes: The table in part five provides a comparison of estimates and Le tableau de la cinquième partie compare les évaluations et les statistics for the year 2007 for all countries and territories. Sa fonction ciple purpose of this table is to enable parties to assess the manner principale est de permettre aux parties de se rendre compte de in which they are discharging their mutual international obligations la manière dont elles s’acquittent, les unes et les autres, des under the 1961 Convention. The table makes it possible to judge whether the estimates Le tableau permet de juger si les évaluations soumises par un submitted by a Government were realistic in the light of the statisti- gouvernement sont réalistes lorsqu’on les compare aux données cal data furnished for the same country or territory. Les autorités ties should be in a position to estimate the movement of narcotic nationales devraient être en mesure d’évaluer le mouvement de drugs within their country or territory and to furnish consistent stupéfiants à l’intérieur du pays ou territoire et de fournir des don- statistical data to the Board. Des écarts importants entre mates and the statistics, as well as imbalances in statistical reports les évaluations et les statistiques ainsi que les incohérences dans furnished to the Board, may indicate problems in the control of licit les rapports statistiques présentés à l’Organe peuvent être révéla- movement of narcotic drugs at the national level in the country teurs de problèmes en matière de contrôle du mouvement licite or territory concerned. De telles incohérences existent of narcotic drugs available are different from the total amounts lorsque les quantités totales de stupéfiants disponibles diffèrent des utilized. Certains renseignements fournis par les gouvernements appa- Some information furnished by Governments is published only raissent uniquement dans ce tableau, comme les évaluations détail- in this table, such as details of the estimates (e. The columns designated by arabic or roman numerals contain Les colonnes numérotées en chiffres arabes ou romains con- statistics. La colonne A indique la limite de la fabrication et/ou de import, calculated by the Board in accordance with article 21 of the l’importation, calculée par l’Organe en vertu de l’article 21 de la 1961 Convention. Quand l’un des éléments nécessaires pour le is missing, the limit does not appear in the table. The limit is not calcul de cette limite manque, celle-ci n’apparaît pas dans le tableau. The data appearing in column I represent the total amounts of narcotic drugs available, that is, the quantities in stocks at the begin- Les données figurant dans la colonne I correspondent aux quan- ning of the year, the amounts produced or manufactured and the tités totales de stupéfiants disponibles, c’est-à-dire aux quantités en amounts imported, as well as other components such as seizures stock en début d’année, aux quantités produites ou fabriquées et released for medical and scientific purposes, amounts originating aux quantités importées, ainsi qu’à d’autres éléments comme les from special stocks released to meet ordinary requirements and quantités saisies et mises sur le marché licite pour les besoins médi- amounts returned by retailers to wholesalers. Any significant discrepancy between the data en stock à la fin de l’année, et d’autres éléments comme les pertes in those two columns is investigated by the Board.

In our research studies the cytotoxicity of trypsin inhibitor extract (Islamov & Fursov pyridium 200 mg line, 2007) from wheat seeds was evaluated by counting the cells at the time of harvest cheap pyridium 200mg online, with a 108 Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design haemocytometr generic pyridium 200mg with mastercard. Cytotoxicity in treated cultures was assessed by Relative increase in cell counts (Fellows & O’Donovan, 2007; Lorge et al. Cells tested negative for mycoplasma contamination and were routinely passaged to maintain exponential growth. Three concentration of trypsin inhibitor substance was tested 1/1000, 1/100, 1/10 (v/v). Utilizing exponentially proliferating cells, 96 V-bottomed wells were seeded at a concentration of 6×104 cells per well. At the end of treatment time 20 µl of cells from each concentration was mix with trypan blue 1:1 (v/v). An aliquot of the cell suspension was then transferred to a hemacytometer for cell counts. Cytotoxicity trypsin inhibitors from grain wheat Our studies have shown the cytotoxic effect of trypsin inhibitors. When adding Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor from soybeans at concentrations of 200-400 μg/ml Inhibition of cell growth (Kashiwagi et al. A completely different example of the serpin CrmA (cytokine response modifier A), which expresses Cowpox virus. The targets of CrmA are members of the caspase family of proteases that either initiate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (caspases 8 and 10) or trigger activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 (caspase 1). CrmA has the typical fold of a cleaved serpin, even though it lacks the N-terminal half of the A helix, the entire D helix, and a portion of the E helix that are present in all other known serpins. They may also viral countermeasures to host defenses against infection may contribute significantly to the pathology associated with poxvirus infections (Renatus et al. All this points to the crucial regulate the activity inhibitors of proteinase activity. In addition, the study of mechanisms of interaction enzyme with inhibitor can tell researchers how to develop new drugs - semi synthetic (including modified) and synthetic (non-protein). So, after some modification of the reactive site serpin, Inhibitors of Serine Proteinase – Application in Agriculture and Medicine 109 they acquire the ability to block angiogenesis and induce tumor regression (Carrell, 1999). Successfully completed Phase 2 clinical trials engineered protein inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (Dyax Corp. Human neutrophil elastase, an enzyme produced as part of the inflammatory response, is implicated in the loss of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis and other clinical conditions. The inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase is derived from the Kunitz-type domain of inter-α- inhibitor which is a natural inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase normally present in plasma (Grimbert et al. There is enough work, in which information about the protease inhibitors and their application (Wenzel & Tschesche, 1995; Polya, 2003). Inhibitors in agriculture Considering the basic properties of inhibitors - inhibition of enzyme activity, they have successfully used to control pests. It is known that plants are often damaged by many different pathogens - fungi, bacteria and viruses (Selitrennikoff, 2001; Franco et al. Also, insects and parasitic worms of plants are cause illness and death of plants frequently, causing great agricultural economic losses. However, during infection of plants by infectious agents, not all plants of one population or species ill. This is due to phytoimmunity - the ability to resist pathogens (Valueva & Mosolov, 2002; Mosolov & Valueva, 2008). Protective mechanisms were elaborated in the long process of co-existence of host and parasite. The major components of the existing protection mechanisms are substances of protein nature. These include enzymes - glucanase, chitinase and protease inhibitors and α-amylase. Inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin from soybeans, beans and potato to suppress proteinase from phytopathogenic fungus (Fusarium solani). Moreover, the inhibitors belonging to the family of Bowman-Birk inhibit the growth of hyphae and conidia germination of fungi Fusarium solani, F. Along with trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in plants and detected proteins that inhibit proteases of microorganisms. Bifunctional inhibitors - proteins that contain two active sites, interacting as one of the enzymes, eg trypsin/trypsin, and various enzymes - trypsin/chymotrypsin or proteinase/amylase (Sreerama et al. Bifunctional (double-headed) inhibitors of proteases, traditionally, belong to the family Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Bifunctional inhibitors are assumed to have arisen by duplication of an ancestral single headed inhibitor gene and subsequently diverged into different classes and with a network of highly conserved disulfide bridges (Odani et al. However, interest bifunctional inhibitors active against both proteases and amylases (Table 2). Bifunctional inhibitors of amylase/protease of cereals Thanks to the "dual" activity, the bifunctional inhibitor of amylase/proteinase appears to provide synergetic effect in protecting against pathogens. Bifunctional inhibitors of the subject of many articles and studies (Konarev et al. The essential role of inhibitors in plant protection from insects and other pests inspired the creation of transgenic plants. Transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to insects, containing the genes of proteinase inhibitors. Along with transgenic plants containing genes of serine protease inhibitors were obtained plants expressing genes of inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. It was also shown the accumulation of inhibitors in the vacuoles of Solanum nigrum to 125 mg per 1 g of tissue, tobacco, 75 mcg / g, alfalfa 20mkg / g (Valueva & Mosolov, 2002). As a result, the inhibitor Inhibitors of Serine Proteinase – Application in Agriculture and Medicine 111 content increased to 3% of soluble protein, compared with the control (1%).