Mark Corson

By Z. Gancka. Oglethorpe University.

Dr Beresford currently holds honorary appointments as Associate Professor at the Universities of Hong Kong and Auckland discount betapace 40mg without prescription. He works as a practitioner in several clinics in Kent and maintains his own Chinese herbal dispensary integrated within an allopathic pharmacy generic betapace 40mg fast delivery. He has a particular interest in the treatment of debilitating conditions such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis generic betapace 40mg free shipping. He is President of the Register of Chinese Herbal Medicine and, since 2005, has sat on the Herbal Medicines Advisory Committee. Professor Chang has written more than 120 research papers, 22 book chapters and monographs, including Treatise on Asian Herbal Medicines (9 volumes, 8804 pages). He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for the History of Medicine at the University of Glasgow and has written widely on medical ethics, the medical aspects of Jewish immigration, and the medical practice of the great mediaeval physician and philosopher Rabbi Moses Maimonides. Blanca Margarita Vargas de Corredor Blanca Margarita Vargas de Corredor has spent over 30 years working on traditional medicine and conservation projects with different indigenous groups such as Uitotos, Muinanes, Andokes, Yukuna-Matapi, Tikuna, Cocama in the Caquetá medio region of the Colombian Amazon rain forest. He currently teaches complementary and alternative medicine at the Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland. His papers and books span a variety of topics, but with a sustained interest in the history of therapy from the eighteenth century onward, both conventional and complementary/alternative. Owen Davies PhD Owen Davies is Professor of Social History and Associate Head of School (Research) at the University of Hertfordshire, England. Much of his research has concerned the belief in the supernatural in the early modern and modern periods, which has led to work on popular medicine and interdisciplinary research applying anthropological and biomedical knowledge to historical topics. He has written chapters in several books and his latest book, published by Oxford University Press, is Grimoires: A history of magic books. His teaching specialisms include popular religion in Reformation Europe, crime and society in early modern England, landscape history and the history of European witchcraft, and custom and community in nineteenth-century England. Since 2004 he has been a Research Associate at Professor Il-Moo Chang’s laboratory, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University. He is Research Associate at Professor Il-Moo Chang’s laboratory, Seoul National University and is an expert on Sasang Oriental Medicine, which is a unique theory of traditional medicine. She has worked since 1995 as a consultant in the field of African traditional medicines conserva- tion, industrial development and application in formal healthcare. As an honorary research associate in the Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, she publishes regularly on aspects of traditional medicine research. Contributors | xiii Haruki Yamada PhD Haruki Yamada is the Director and a Professor at the Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, and the Dean of the Graduate School of Infection Control Science, Kitasato University in Japan. He is well known in the field of the scientific elucidation of Kampo medicines, and the bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal herbs. The practitioners include traditional midwives (parteras), herbalists (herbalistos), bone-setters (hueseros) and spiritual healers (curanderos or prayers). Countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America use traditional medicine to help meet some of their primary healthcare needs. In Africa, up to 80% of the population use traditional medicine for primary healthcare. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lack access to essential medicines. The provision of safe and effective traditional medicine therapies could become a critical tool to increase access to healthcare. In this book the term ‘traditional medicine’ is used to describe: Health traditions originating in a particular geographic area or ethnic group and which may also have been adopted and/or modified by communities elsewhere. Disciplines such as aromatherapy, medical herbalism, homoeopathy and others, usually known collectively as complementary and alternative medicine, are described in detail in a companion volume. The distinction between traditional medicine and what is known as folk medicine is not clear cut and the terms are often used interchangeably. Folk medicine may be defined as ‘treatment of ailments outside clinical medicine by remedies and simple measures based on experience and knowledge handed down from generation to generation’. Another simpler definition is ‘the use of home remedies and procedures as handed down by tradition’. In traditional medicine there is usually a formal consultation with a practitioner or healer and such practices may be integrated into a country’s healthcare system, while in folk medicine advice is passed on more informally by a knowledgeable family member or friend and there is generally no such inte- gration. Thus, acupuncture may be considered as being traditional medicine while the use of chicken soup – ‘Jewish penicillin’ – to manage poor health is folk medicine (see Chapter 11). The role of medicines in traditional communities The study of traditional medicines and their manufacture has much to offer to sociocultural studies of many medical systems. Medicines constitute a meeting point of almost any imaginable human interest: material, social, political and emotional. In the context of the family, buying a medicine for a relative can emit a message of love and care. Within a religious context medicines may be seen as gifts to the ailing commu- nity from holy leaders. However, the ability of governments in the developing world to imple- ment the opportunities offered by traditional medicine is, in many instances, beyond their capability. The International Conference on Primary Health Care, meeting in Alma- Ata on 12 September 1978, declared a need for urgent action by all govern- ments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world. Although traditional medicine has been used for thousands of years and the associated practitioners have made great contributions to human health, it was not until the Alma-Ata Declaration that countries and governments were called upon to include traditional medicine in their primary health systems for the first time, and to recognise the associated practitioners of traditional medicine as a part of the healthcare team, particularly for primary healthcare at the community level. In 2003, the 56th World Health Assembly called on countries to adopt and implement the Strategy. Traditional medicine in practice The following two examples will serve to illustrate studies on the practice of traditional medicine. The first study aimed to highlight the new or lesser known medicinal uses of plant bioresources along with validation of tradi- tional knowledge that is widely used by the tribal communities to cure four common ailments in the Lahaul-Spiti region of western Himalaya. During the ethnobotanical explorations (2002–6), observations on the most common ailments, such as rheumatism, stomach problems, liver and sexual disorders, among the natives of Lahaul-Spiti were recorded.

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It is designed as a tool forlearning how brain waves and understand more about how they to release unwanted limiting habits and beliefs. Adults mation about neurolinguistics is regularly covered who have had brain damage and become aphasic in national news sources. Raw materials have to arrive, trouble learning to talk even though they can hear subcontractors are needed, the product must be normally? It’s the same with account for their difficulties, and research in this our brains. Since brains can change a particular part of the brain; it’s not even true that with training much more than we used to think, a particular word is ‘in’ just one spot in a person’s there is renewed hope for effective therapy for peo- brain. But we can say that listening, understand- ple with disorders of reading and language. We know this anthropist (1820–1910), who established the pro- because aphasia (language loss due to brain dam- fession of secular nursing and revolutionized age) is almost always due to left hemisphere injury hospital care and documentation of care as we in people who speak and read Hebrew, English, know it today. A proponent of public health, she Chinese, or Japanese, and also in people who are advocated in her writings and practice that the illiterate. But areas in the right side are essential for whole person—body, mind, and spirit—be consid- communicating effectively and for understanding ered treatable, and that illness may be caused by the point of what people are saying. In her book bilingual, your right hemisphere may be somewhat Notes on Nursing (London: Harrison and Sons, more involved in your second language than it is in 1859), Nightingale wrote: “[H]ow much more your first language. But our school-girl, neither mothers of families of any individual experiences and training also affect the class, nor school-mistresses of any class, nor organization of our brains—for example, deaf peo- nurses of children, nor nurses of hospitals, are ple understand sign language using just about the taught anything about those laws which God has same parts of their brains that hearing people do assigned to the relations of our bodies with the for spoken language. Is losing language the the laws which make these bodies, into which He reverse of learning it? People who have lost some has put our minds, healthy or unhealthy organs or most of their language because of brain damage of those minds, are all but unlearnt. Using language involves these laws—the laws of life—are in a certain mea- many kinds of knowledge and skill; some can be sure understood, but not even mothers think it badly damaged while others remain in fair condi- worth their while to study them—to study how to tion. People with aphasia have different combina- give their children healthy existences. They call it 104 nonlocal mind medical or physiological knowledge, fit only for can be used today in healing illness and disease in doctors. And nothing diseased material, such as tuberculinum from tis- but observation and experience will teach us the sue infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is often thought that medicine is the nursing, holistic Professional nursing with a curative process. It is no such thing; medicine is deliberate focus on treating the entire individual— the surgery of functions, as surgery proper is that physical, emotional, and spiritual. Nonlocal happenings, Dossey writes excessive sugar, irradiation, genetic engineering, on page 9, are unmediated by a sensory experience fish from polluted waters, toxins in the food chain, or other intermediate signal or stimulus, and nonlo- and repetition, as opposed to variety, in the daily cal events are unmitigated: that is, their magnitude foods, has a significant ill effect on our health. Nonlocal medicine, Dossey says, tional therapy are acidophilus culture complexes; involves a totally free mind in which to explore all activated charcoal; aloe vera; amaranth; amazake; possibilities for healing. This is the infinite piece of your drinks; essene bread; essential fatty acids; flax seed consciousness. But as we shall see, ‘non- guar gum; gum guggul; gymnema sylvestre; kashi; local’ or ‘infinite’ describes a natural part of who kefir; kuzu; lecithin; millet; miso; mochi; molasses; we are. Its expressions include sharing of thoughts mushrooms; Nutrasweet; oats and oat bran; octa- and feelings at a distance, gaining information and cosanol; oils (natural vegetable); omega 3-oils; wisdom through dreams and visions, knowing the pasta; psyllium husks; pycnogenol; quercetin; future, radical breakthroughs in creativity and dis- quinoa; rice; rice syrup; royal jelly; sea vegetables; covery, and many more. And this part of your mind soy milk and cheese; spirulina; spelt and kamut; nutritional therapy 105 sprouts; sucanat; tahini; teas (black and green); them—advocate certain types of foods and food tempeh; tofu; tortillas; triticale; turbinado sugar; regimens believed to promote and restore health, umeboshi plums; vinegars; wheat germ and wheat such as low-salt diet. O obeah The science of traditional medicine and • Ajowan: herbaceous, spicy; Trachyspermum herbs according to African bush medicine. Essential oils are Myrtaceae); used in potpourris and flavoring of absorbed by the skin and are not meant to be taken beverages, sweets, and other foods; warming, orally unless under the supervision of a trusted cheering, sense-enhancing; avoid use in sun; aromatherapist or other practitioner. Plants produce essential oils in the form labdanum, ylang ylang, patchouli, orris; may of globules in or on the surface of the plant tissues irritate skin as a way to ensure their environmental safety. The oils may attract beneficial insects and ward off • Almond: sweet; Prunus amygdalus, P. Some healers believe the oil is the essence also known as Hibiscus abelmoschus (family, Mal- of the plant and therefore its vital force, or energy, vaceae); sweet, floral, musky aroma that inten- which can be used therapeutically. There is evidence of distil- balancing, calming; emollient aphrodisiac; lation devices used more than 5,000 years; ancient blends well with neroli, olibanum, rose, sandal- Egyptians, for example, used essential oils for wood, other floral oils many purposes, such as mummification and cos- metics. Ancient Babylonians, Chinese, Asian Indi- • Amyris: woodsy; Amyris balsamifera, Schimmelia ans, Greeks, and Romans documented their use of oleifera (family, Rutaceae); for stress relief, mus- essential oils, which may be blended for intensified cle relaxation, and a meditation aid; also known effects. Synthetic oils are not considered for use by as sandalwood amyris; from wood, West Indies; healers because they lack the energy of a living production method: steam distillation; blends organism.