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Herbal healers or ciarmavermi treated the condition using a mixture of natural reme- dies and spells purchase zocor 40 mg mastercard. One reason for the continuance of the belief is that folk medicine not only provides what seems a clear causal explanation for the illness but also a dedicated remedy buy generic zocor 40 mg on-line, which Traditional European folk medicine | 27 involves placing a hairbrush in the woman’s brassiere while a healer recites the following charm: ‘Good morning [or good evening] buy cheap zocor 10mg online, Saint Miserano. In Sardinian folk belief mastitis is similarly believed to be caused by a lactating woman swallowing a hair. The doctrine of signatures, the notion that the physical appearance of a plant is indicative of its healing properties, was one of the enduring lega- cies of ancient Greek medicine. So, in parts of Catalonia, thyme-leaved speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia) is known as herba dels ulls (eye herb) and used as an antiseptic eyewash because black lines on the inner petal were popularly thought to resemble eyelashes. More obscure was the use of common storksbill (Erodium cicutarium) for convulsions in Kaluga province because the petioles were ‘drawn together like elbows, as if in convulsions’. Hidden symbolic and physical associations exist between people and other living things, spirits and inanimate substances, and this means that actions affecting one also influence the other. The classic example is the hair of the dog, whereby rabies was thought to be cured by putting hair from the offending dog on the bite 28 | Traditional medicine wound. There are many other examples in European folk medicine, such as the cure of congenital hernia by splitting the trunk of a tree, usually oak or ash, passing the affected infant through it and binding the tree up again. Although the process was roughly the same across Europe, nineteenth- and twentieth- century folklorists have recorded a diverse range of associated rituals. In Portugal the rite had to be performed at midnight on St John’s Eve by three men named John, while three women named Mary spun thread and recited a charm. Taking the urine of a bewitched patient, placing it in a vessel along with some sharp objects, and boiling it, would similarly affect the witch. Until the development and acceptance of theory about germs in the nine- teenth century, folk medicine and orthodox medicine again shared similar or the same conceptions of contagion and how to deal with it. One significant difference between the two, however, concerned the folk medical notion that some diseases could not be destroyed and so cures could be achieved only by ritually transferring the illness to someone or something else. In the early seventeenth century Issobell Haldane explained how she cured a child by washing its shirt in some water in the name of the Trinity. On the way, however, she was cross with herself for having spilt some of the water because, if anyone passed over it, the disease would be transferred to them rather than being washed away in the stream. Here hepatitis is known as the mal d’arco or ‘rainbow illness’ and is thought to be contracted by looking at a rainbow while urinating outdoors, or by walking along a crossroad contaminated with the disease. It is cured by the patient urinating for several nights in a pot containing the plant common rue (Ruta graveolens). Ancient Greek physicians believed that health was governed by the balance of four substances or humours, namely yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm. Illnesses were caused by the imbalance of these substances, which Traditional European folk medicine | 29 led to excessive heat/cold, moistness/dryness in the body. Cures required the ingestion of foods, liquids or herbs that had hot/cold, wet/dry properties, which counteracted the identified imbalance, or methods such as bleeding, which reduced humoral excesses. In European popular culture people did not necessarily conceptualise health in humoral terms, but their practices and aeti- ologies were based on the theory as much as legitimatised medicine. Once the European medical community had rejected it by the end of the eighteenth century, however, its continued influence became a marker of scientific back- wardness. In its myriad manifestations it had its own distinct identity in local, regional and national contexts. Influence of religion Many aspects of folk medicine were and are inseparable from popular or practical religion. The sacrament of ordination was thought to imbue the Catholic priesthood with the healing power of God’s grace, while in Protes- tant communities ministers and pastors continued to play an important role as healers, using prayer and their literary knowledge of medicine. The Bible was a source of personal spiri- tual and physical succour, a prophylactic against illness, and the source of numerous written and oral healing charms. In Catholic communities sacra- mentals, holy water, blessed herbs, crosses, rosaries and relics had powerful healing properties, and continue to be employed by millions in Europe today. Take, for example, the Loretokind tradition in Switzerland, which concerns a small ivory figure of the infant Jesus displayed in the Capucin convent in Salzburg. Large numbers of replicas and pictures are consecrated by touching them against the original, and then sold at the convent or via mail order along with a blessing prayer. The image or replica is placed on the head or the spot on the body that hurts while reciting the accompanying blessing. A major survey conducted in the 1980s found that over 6000 shrines in western Europe were still active pilgrimage sites. To give just one example of the many that could be cited, in Croatia there has been a long history of worshipping St Lucia to cure eye complaints. Fifty years ago, people flocked to a house in the Istrian penin- sula in Croatia where a gold ring with an image of St Lucia was kept. Its guardian closed the eyelids of patients and made the sign of the cross over them three times with the ring, which had been dipped in consecrated water. In the region today people with eye problems still make vows to St Lucia on her feast day. While some renowned pilgrimages sites were suppressed, many, such as Holywell, the ‘Lourdes of Wales’, survived the Reformation. It remained a centre of Catholic activity despite its illegality, and generated numerous accounts of the miraculous healing properties of its waters.

Monkeys that see other monkeys respond with fear to the sight of a snake learn to fear the snake themselves order zocor 20mg free shipping, even if they have [4] been raised in a laboratory and have never actually seen a snake (Cook & Mineka 20mg zocor visa, 1990) buy zocor 10mg fast delivery. As Bandura put it, the prospects for [human] survival would be slim indeed if one could learn only by suffering the consequences of trial and error. For this reason, one does not teach children to swim, adolescents to drive automobiles, and novice medical students to perform surgery by having them discover the appropriate behavior through the consequences of their successes and failures. The more costly and hazardous the possible mistakes, the heavier is the reliance on [5] observational learning from competent learners. These children are not only the victims of aggression, but they also see it happening to their parents and siblings. Because children learn how to be parents in large part by modeling the actions of their own parents, it is no surprise that there is a strong correlation between family violence in childhood and violence as an adult. Children who witness their parents being violent or who are themselves abused are more likely as adults to inflict abuse on intimate partners or their children, and to be victims of intimate violence (Heyman & Slep, [6] 2002). In turn, their children are more likely to interact violently with each other and to [7] aggress against their parents (Patterson, Dishion, & Bank, 1984). Research Focus: The Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression The average American child watches more than 4 hours of television every day, and 2 out of 3 of the programs they watch contain aggression. It has been estimated that by the age of 12, the average American child has seen more than 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence. At the same time, children are also exposed to violence in movies, video games, and virtual reality games, as well as in music videos that include violent lyrics and imagery (The Henry J. It might not surprise you to hear that these exposures to violence have an effect on aggressive behavior. The evidence is impressive and clear: The more media violence people, including children, view, the more aggressive they are likely [9] to be (Anderson et al. The relation between viewing television violence and aggressive behavior is about as strong as the relation between smoking and cancer or between studying and academic grades. People who watch more violence become more aggressive than those who watch less violence. It is clear that watching television violence can increase aggression, but what about violent video games? Youths spend countless hours playing these games, many of which involve engaging in extremely violent behaviors. The games often require the player to take the role of a violent person, to identify with the character, to select victims, and of course to kill the victims. These behaviors are reinforced by winning points and moving on to higher levels, and are repeated over and over. A recent meta-analysis by Anderson and [10] Bushman (2001) reviewed 35 research studies that had tested the effects of playing violent video games on Attributed to Charles Stangor Saylor. The studies included both experimental and correlational studies, with both male and female participants in both laboratory and field settings. They found that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, psychological arousal (including blood pressure and heart rate), as well as aggressive behavior. Furthermore, playing more video games was found to relate to less altruistic behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either a violent or a nonviolent video game for 20 minutes. Each participant played one of four violent video games (Carmageddon, Duke Nukem, Mortal Kombat, or Future Cop) or one of four nonviolent video games (Glider Pro, 3D Pinball, Austin Powers, or Tetra Madness). Participants then read a story, for instance this one about Todd, and were asked to list 20 thoughts, feelings, and actions about how they would respond if they were Todd: Todd was on his way home from work one evening when he had to brake quickly for a yellow light. The person in the car behind him must have thought Todd was going to run the light because he crashed into the back of Todd’s car, causing a lot of damage to both vehicles. They said things like ―Call the guy an idiot,‖ ―Kick the other driver‘s car,‖ ―This guy‘s dead meat! Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. However, although modeling can increase violence, it can also have positive effects. Research has found that, just as children learn to be aggressive through observational learning, they can also learn to be altruistic in the same way [12] (Seymour, Yoshida, & Dolan, 2009). Imagine that you had a 12-year-old brother who spent many hours a day playing violent video games. Basing your answer on the material covered in this chapter, do you think that your parents should limit his exposure to the games? How might we incorporate principles of observational learning to encourage acts of kindness and selflessness in our society? Selective associations in the observational conditioning of fear in rhesus monkeys. The relationship between indirect and physical aggression on television and in real life. Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model.

Ayurvedic medicine relies heavily on spicy herbs for stimulating the digestive system functions buy 20mg zocor otc, which is understood to be the key to health discount 10 mg zocor with amex. Thus buy zocor 40 mg with visa, among the commonly used Tibetan herbs are those derived mainly from the ayurvedic system, such as the peppers, cumins, cardamom, clove, ginger and other hot spices, comple- mented by local aromatics such as saussurea and musk. Also, the Tibetan system emphasises astringent herbs, possibly representing an attempt to conserve body fluids and alleviate any inflammation of the mucous membranes. The ‘king’ herb of Tibetan medicine is the chebulic myrobalan (Termi- nalia chebula), an astringent herb that is said to possess all the tastes (different parts of the fruit have different tastes), properties and effects. Despite this emphasis on herbs with properties that are generally needed for the Tibetan climate, cooling and bitter herbs are often required to treat the disease manifestation, as inflammatory processes finally result if the patho- genic influences are not conquered or expelled. Popular herbs used alone and in combination with other herbs are Tibetan rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea), known as stonecrop in the west, indicated for the treatment of dysentery, back pain, lung inflammation, painful and irregular menstruation, leukorrhoea and traumatic injuries, and Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn), claimed to be effective in treating ischaemic heart disease, eliminating phlegm, improving digestion and stopping coughs. Mongolia is one of the few countries that officially supports its traditional system of medicine. Although herbs are the mainstay of Mongolian medicine minerals, usually in the form of powdered metals or stones, are also used. Water is collected from any source, including the sea, and stored for many years Traditional Chinese medicine | 185 until ready for use. Traditional Bhutanese medicine The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is an independent state situated between China and India. It emerged as a unified polity in the early seventeenth century under the rule of an exiled Tibetan religious leader and much of its elite culture, including its medical traditions, were brought from Tibet during this period. Bhutan has evolved a state medical system in which their traditional medicine is an integral part and patients have the choice of treatment under traditional or biomedical practitioners. As with Chinese and Tibetan medicine, the main methods of diagnosis in Bhutanese traditional medicine are feeling the pulse, checking urine, and examining the eyes and tongue, as well as interviewing the patient. A European Union project to support traditional medicine in Bhutan was initi- ated in the year 2000. According to data collected as part of this project, there are about 600 medicinal plants used in Bhutanese traditional medi- cines, out of Bhutan’s 5600 identified species. About 300 of these herbs are used routinely and are at risk for ecological loss due to clearance of trees and over-collection of herbs. The quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine: a survey of 13 randomly selected journals from mainland China. The Predicaments and Future of the Search for the Nature of Disease in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China. Anthology of Policies, Laws and Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine. Complementary therapies in a local health care setting part 1: is there a real public demand? Miniscalpel-needle versus trigger-point injection for cervical myofascial pain syndrome: A randomised comparative trial (Letter). Fatal and adverse events from acupuncture: allegation, evidence and the implications. An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus. Broken needle in the cervical spine: A previously unreported complication of Xiaozendao acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture adverse effects are more than occasional case reports: results from questionnaires among 1135 randomly selected doctors and 297 acupuncturists. The effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of acute and chronic low back pain. Acupuncture for low back pain: results of a pilot study for a randomised controlled trial. A randomised controlled trial of acupuncture care for persistent low back pain: cost effectiveness analysis. The effectiveness of acupuncture in treating acute dental pain: a systematic review. Acupuncture for chronic headache in primary care: large, pragmatic, randomised trial. Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and ‘sham’ laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Effects of acupuncture and stabilising exercises as adjunct to standard treatment in pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain: randomised single blind controlled trial. Auricular acupuncture for pain relief after ambulatory knee surgery: a randomized trial. Should cocaine abusing, buprenorphine maintained patients receive auricular acupuncture? Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physio- therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. Acupuncture as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. Effectiveness of physiotherapy exer- cise after knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Effects of acupuncture and stabilising exercises as adjunct to standard treatment in pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain: randomised single blind controlled trial. A prospective randomized study comparing acupunc- ture with physiotherapy for low-back and pelvic pain in pregnancy.

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