Mark Corson

By M. Topork. University of California, Davis. 2018.

You should obtain these two signatures and the grade at the end of the lab and no later safe 15 mcg mircette. This also involves that they do not have a possibility to take the second self-control test and collect bonus points or to get an offered grade discount mircette 15mcg visa. If a student fails on this written examination buy 15 mcg mircette with visa, it means that he or she does not get a signature and cannot take the Cell Biology Final Exam. Reading source for the lab and lab schedule: A Cell Biology lab manual written by the members of the department is provided in the Book Store (In Theoretical Building). Lab schedule: Small groups (subgroups) consist of 3-7 people for doing the various labs in a rotary system are formed in the first seminar. If you missed the first seminar you will be put into a subgroup where you fit and you should check your assignment with your fellow students. Lab questions will be included in the 2nd self-control test as well as in the Final Exam test, to approximately 10% of the total points. Accepting the grade means exemption from the final exam, so the accepted grade will be entered into the lecture book as the final grade. Signing the lecture book: The conditions for signing the lecture book are the following: (1) presence at, and acceptance of all the labs or passing the written lab exam, (2) presence at the seminars and (2) minimum 1 point for the presentation at the seminar (see above). Rules concerning repeaters: Attendance of labs is not compulsory if you had all the four labs accepted last year and your lecture book was signed. Your short presentation of last year does not have to be repeated if it scored 1 point or more, otherwise you have to redo it. These questions will include 5 brief descriptions of basic concepts, and 5 questions of yes/no type. The descriptions should contain 2 valuable and relevant facts/statements on the subject asked, for maximal score (2 points each; partial points may be considered). It is strongly recommended that the students themselves elaborate a few basic statements for each key-word during the semester, as part of their preparation and studying. Those earning below 14 points in part A fail the entire exam without regard to their score on part B, what will not be corrected and scored in this case. The score of a passed A test will be added to the score of part B, thus yielding 14-20% of the total exam points. Part B Part B is a complex test, including two short essays (2x10=20%), fill-in, short answer, multiple choice, relation analysis, sketch-recognition as well as simple choice and yes/no questions (50%). The lab questions are a section of the part B exam (to approximately 10% of the total test points). However, all bonuses and merits expire by next spring exam period except for Cell Biology lab points and bonus points for short presentations. Note that all parts have to be repeated on repeated exams, that is, cell biology written part B (including the lab questions), and cell biology written part A with less than 14 points. Important: The test/exam grade earned should reflect the true knowledge of the student. Rules for C-chance exams If the result of the written part of a C-chance exam is at least a pass (2) according to the rules pertaining to A- and B-chance exams, the grade of the C-chance exam will be what is to be offered based on the rules of the A- and B-chance exams. Part B of the written part of a C-chance exam will be scored even if the score of part A is less than 70%. If the result of a C-chance exam is a fail (the score of part A is less than 70% or the total exam score (calculated according to the rules pertaining to A- and B-chance exams) is below the passing level), the written part will be followed by an oral exam. In this case the grade of the C-chance exam will be determined by the result of the written test and the performance on the oral exam. User names and passwords will be given out at the first cell biology seminar during the first week of the semester. Exemptions: In order to get full exemption from the cellbiology course the student has to write an application to the Educational Office. Applications for exemptions from part of the courses are handled by the department. Year, Semester: 1 year/2st nd semester Number of teaching hours: Practical: 30 1st week: Practical: Organization of the course. The maximum percentage of allowable absences is 10 % which is a total of 2 out of the 15 weekly classes. Maximally, two language classes may be made up with another group and students have to ask for written permission (via e-mail) 24 hours in advance from the teacher whose class they would like to attend for a makeup because of the limited seats available. If the number of absences is more than two, the final signature is refused and the student must repeat the course. Students are required to bring the textbook or other study material given out for the course with them to each language class. If students’ behaviour or conduct does not meet the requirements of active participation, the teacher may evaluate their participation with a "minus" (-). If a student has 5 minuses, the signature may be refused due to the lack of active participation in classes. Testing, evaluation In each Hungarian language course, students must sit for 2 written language tests and a short minimal oral exam. A further minimum requirement is the knowledge of 200 words per semester announced on the first week. There is a (written or oral) word quiz in the first 5-10 minutes of the class, every week. If a student has 5 or more failed or missed word quizzes he/she has to take a vocabulary exam that includes all 200 words along with the oral exam. The oral exam consists of a role-play randomly chosen from a list of situations announced in the beginning of the course.

While this is morally troubling purchase 15mcg mircette with mastercard, we (outsiders) take moral comfort in knowing that these chil- dren will likely have the opportunity in the future to revolt and make their own choices buy discount mircette 15mcg online. In the case of positive genetic engineering buy discount mircette 15 mcg on line, however, it is very unlikely that genetically engineered changes (e. On the face of it, this seems a much more serious infringement on the autonomy of these future individuals. We noted earlier that it is a cardinal principle of medical ethics today that the autonomous choices of patients must be respected by physicians. The prior para- graph assumes that the “real” patient is the prospective child, and that parents are merely surrogate decision makers who must act in the best interests of that future child. In germline engineering circumstances, however, the concept seems exces- sively vague and unhelpful at best, conceptually muddled at worst. Hence, the argu- ment can be made that it is the parents who are the “real” patient in this clinical encounter, and that it is their autonomy that must be respected, at least as long as what they request is not clearly violative of basic principles in medical ethics. For now we will merely flag this perspective since the prior question is whether there ought to be a social policy that would prohibit or severely circumscribe the devel- opment/deployment of germline genetic engineering. In a liberal society the reasonable argument is that individual liberty is to be pro- tected, especially the fundamental liberties associated with reproductive decision making, unless there is a compelling public interest that would warrant restriction of that liberty, including a threat to the just liberties of others. Thus, if there were a germline genetic technique for creating very docile children, especially during ado- lescence, that might be strongly desired by parents, but it would be violative of the fundamental autonomy rights of those future children. The state would be morally and politically obligated to prohibit that bit of genetic engineering. By way of con- trast, there are numerous traits (eye color, hair color, predisposition to baldness) that may be genetically alterable and that in themselves do not seem to be of great consequence, morally speaking. Assuming that germline genetic engineering had been perfected to the point where it itself posed minimal risk, a liberal society would have no compelling reason for preventing such parental choices. Choosing the gender of an embryo (for reasons that were not clearly medical) would be morally contentious; there might be public interests that would justifiably foreclose such an option. Choosing the sexual orientation of an embryo (should this prove to be primarily genetically determined) would be even more contentious, morally and politically. Our first conclusion is that germline genetic engineering is not intrinsically viola- tive of moral autonomy. It could be misused in that way, but that is not an intrinsic feature of the technology. Human Hubris: The Audacity of Playing God A second objection often voiced to human germline engineering is that it involves “playing God,” or, from the perspective of atheists, interfering with the wisdom of natural evolution. Stripped of the theological or “quasi-scientific” language, what this objection amounts to is the claim that there is something morally privileged about the genetic status quo. The seven- teenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes described Nature as being red in tooth and claw. When we consider the level of misery and suffering imposed on humankind by 4000 or so genetically based medical disorders, Hobbes’ description does not seem inapt. For us to have the capacity to eliminate many of these disor- ders, and then to fail to do so because of a worshipful attitude toward the genetic status quo, would evidence a level of moral indifference and moral irrationality that would be wholly unjustified. Still, there is a deeper issue raised by this objection that is not so easily dismissed. Specifically, genetic changes are fundamental, potentially profound and far- reaching. From this perspective moral caution regarding the genetic status quo might be morally warranted. There is a European version of this second objection that deserves moral con- sideration. In brief, it is the view that the human genome is the common inheritance of humankind as a whole; and consequently, no individual has the moral right to alter or manipu- late that common inheritance merely for his or her private benefit, including bene- fits for familial descendants. This is not an argument that will resonate well with most Americans, since we have a strong commitment to individual rights. However, we also have a strong appreciation for the environmental movement, which we see as justifiably limiting individual property rights. Despoiling the environment can have critical consequences for large numbers of people. Obvi- ously those changes can be transmitted to future generations; but if those changes prove deleterious to the first-generation recipient, then the technology that put them in place could presumably be used to reverse or correct them for future gen- erations. Our working assumption is that researchers would have taken great care to be as certain as scientifically possible that irrevocable harm would not befall that first generation. Perhaps an argument could be made for preserving the integrity of that patrimony if the genetic changes we contemplated were cosmetic. But our genetic patrimony includes at least 4000 serious medical disorders that shorten life and reduce dra- matically the quality of life for hundreds of millions of individuals. If we have the technology and economic resources to prevent that real human misery, then appeal to the preservation of our genetic patrimony is an insipid moral counterargument at best and morally perverse at worst. Another variant of this argument that is often voiced is that genes that appear to impose serious medical harm on individuals may have temporarily hidden ben- eficial effects as well, that we might ignorantly lose those evolutionary advantages through short-sighted tampering. The gene associated with sickle cell disease is most often cited in connection with its protective effects for malaria. However, if this line of argument is generalized, it too has consequences that are both irrational and immoral. It is theoretically possible that the Huntington’s gene would prove to have beneficial effects in some obscure corner of the world or thousands of years from now. Speculation like that, however, is too remote and uncertain (to say the least) to justify the very real suffering that will be endured by individuals with the Hunt- ington’s gene if we have the capacity to remove that gene from their genetic endow- ment near conception.

Recently 15mcg mircette with visa, extensive studies have been performed on of Dioscorea is used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the action of cinnamon on diabetes and metabolic syndrome asthma purchase mircette 15 mcg overnight delivery, abscesses generic 15 mcg mircette with visa, chronic diarrhea, and ulcers [41]. Cinnamon was shown to reduce blood glucose via studies on rodent models of diabetes have reported that reduction of insulin resistance and increase of hepatic glyco- Dioscorea extract improves glycemic control and insulin genesis [135, 137]. Further, Dioscorea extract reduced blood the active compounds in modulation of insulin signaling [53, glucose in high fat diet-induced rats [41]. Tis compound from cinnamon extract is thought of pS6K and increase of the phosphorylation of Akt and glucose as a potential antidiabetic agent [139]. Another study demonstrated molecular target of cinnamon and cinnamaldehyde remains that Dioscorea polysaccharides reduced insulin resistance unclear. Te seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum)areusedasafoodsupplementandalsohavea long history of medicinal use for labor induction, helping 4. Fenugreek is considered a diabetes, diabetic complications, and digestion [45, 129–132]. Notably, blueberries contain powerful antioxidants that can Te glucose-lowering action of this plant involves reduction neutralize free radicals that cause neurodegenerative disease, of insulin resistance [142]. Accordingly, pheno- trigoneosides, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine have been identifed licsandanthocyaninswereproposedasactivecompoundsfor as the active antidiabetic compounds in fenugreek. Te data confrm the benefcial efect that fenugreek exerts hypoglycemic control via increasing of blueberry on metabolic syndrome. Its seeds are used as a Chinese herbal medicine for pain, Astragalus membranaceus has long been used as a Chinese gastrointestinal diseases, and others. Recently, lychee seed medicine and shows antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperten- wasreportedtohaveantidiabeticactivityinrats[56]and sive, and immunomodulatory activities [133]. Moreover, treatment with Astragalus oligonol from lychee fruit showed anti-oxidative activity and, polysaccharides resulted in better glycemic control in dia- thus, protected the liver and kidney in T2D animal models beticrodentsviaanincreaseininsulinsensitivity[48–50]. Te mode of action of Astragalus polysaccharides includes Akt activation and upregulation of Glut4 and inhibition of 4. In this section, plant chemicals and/or extracts are listed according to their impact on cells. More tion ((re)generation and survival) in cells, animals, and T2D recently, the extract of G. Vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde of the compounds discussed in this section are summarized wereproposedastheactivecompounds. Cono- pilosa, 2-ß-d-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11- phylline, a plant alkaloid present in T. Tese data imply a plausible role for function through a signaling cascade of calcium infux, conophylline and T. However, the clinical nation therapy that targets multiple pathways involved in potential of this compound in -cell survival and regenera- metabolism could be a better remedy for T2D. Nymphayol, a plant sterol, was initially herb that has been used to treat diabetes for centuries. Aside from antioxidant, anti-infammatory, and hep- discussed in this section are summarized in Table 1. It has been reported that established a link between high intake of soluble dietary silymarin can rescue -cell function in alloxan-treated rats fber and improved hyperglycemia and insulin secretion in [68]. Inulins (Rafilose) are soluble dietary fbers made of short-chain fructans present in the roots of 4. Ubillas and colleagues studyshowedthatinulin-typefructanscouldpreventobe- showed that the aqueous ethanol extract of the aerial part of sity,steatosis,andhyperglycemia. Based demonstrated to stimulate incretin secretion in the colon of on a bioactivity-guided identifcation, 2 polyynes, 3-ß-d- rats through their fermentation [80, 81]. A sedentary lifestyle with a diet overly high in fat 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine usually accompanies obesity and T2D [148, 149]. Of note, berberine had a mild antidyslipidemic efect fat was found to stimulate incretin secretion [150]. Bitter melon, the fruit of the plant by ingesting fat before a carbohydrate meal in T2D patients Momordica charantia is used in Ayurvedic medicine [156]. In addition, T2D patients took control meals and control Te biochemistry and bioactivities associated with the antidi- meals supplemented with olive oil (74% monounsaturated abetic efect of the extracts of bitter melon and M. However, no signifcant diferences in the level of blood that the juice of the bitter melon increased cells in the glucose, insulin, or fatty acids were observed [85]. Herbs and Compounds Tat Regulate Glucose Absorp- anditsfruit,acttolowerbloodglucoselikelybecausethey tion in the Gut. Te chemical and biological properties of possess insulin-like chemical structures [38]. Chili peppers, the fruits of the Capsicum plants, are commonly used as food and 4. Chili pepper extract exerts an insulinotropic thamus tinctorius) seeds are used as a herbal medicine for action, implying its action on cells [157]. Te data suggest that the chili pepper safower exhibited antidiabetic properties through enhanc- and its active ingredients prevent T2D via regulation of ing insulin secretion in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [151]. However, there is a Two serotonin derivatives isolated from safower seed were discrepancy over the use of capsaicin to treat T2D. Capsaicin shown to suppress -glucosidase activity to a greater degree might cause T2D via impairment of insulin secretion [96]. Butyl-isobutyl-phthalate, an active compound of as a panacea in oriental medicine. Te chemical and biological properties However, another study reported that neither ginseng had an of the compounds discussed in this section are summarized antidiabetic efect on diabetic patients [167]. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, was ginsengs may involve a reduction in insulin resistance and frst isolated from Berberis vulgaris. Ginsenosides are the primary multiple functions ranging from infammation inhibition constituents present in ginseng roots that are claimed to and cancer suppression to reduction of metabolic syndrome beneft health.

The sample is then placed onto a microscope slide and a smear is made in the manner described for concentrating cells in a smear buy mircette 15mcg low cost. Special cytocentri- fuge equipmenta is available for concentrating cells on microscope slides while absorbing the fluid onto filter paper best 15 mcg mircette. This equipment is expensive and not practical for the average veterinary laboratory discount 15mcg mircette. Because centrifugation distorts the appearance of the cells, a cell concentration method that utilizes gravity provides a concentrated sample with normal appearing cells. A simple, inexpensive sedimentation device can be made for use in the veterinary labora- tory. This device consists of a base to support the slide and a clamping mechanism to hold the fluid column onto the microscope slide (Figure 10. The column that holds the fluid is made from a one millimeter tuberculin syringe barrel with the tip removed. The base of the syringe barrel allows for the syringe to be held in place by a clamp (usually made of wood). A piece of filter paper (eg, Whatman #2) is cut to the dimensions of the microscope slide and a standard 2 mm paper hole punch is used to create a hole in the center of the filter paper. Fluid samples having low cellularity require a con- centration procedure for easier examination of the cells. A simple method is to marginate the cells on a smear made by the conven- tional wedge technique used for making blood films. A drop of the fluid sample is placed on a microscope slide and spread slowly using a spreader slide. Just prior to reaching the end of the smear, the spreader slide is quickly backed slightly into the advancing smear, just before lifting it from the surface of the slide containing the smear. This should produce a slide with the marginated cells concentrated at the end of the film. A simple device that uses gravity to concentrate cells provides cytologic samples of better quality than centrifugation (courtesy of Terry Campbell). The clamp is used to secure the aspirated into the tube using a syringe attached to column to the slide. In cases where allowed to stand undisturbed, the fluid is drawn by material cannot be aspirated for examination, a gravity and absorbed into the filter paper. The cells wash sample can be obtained by infusing a small in the fluid fall onto the surface of the slide where amount of sterile isotonic saline into the crop and they adhere. Once the fluid has drained from the aspirating the fluid back into the tube and syringe. After staining, the cells can be Aspiration of the infraorbital sinus of birds suffering found concentrated in the two millimeter circle cre- from sinusitis can provide diagnostic material for ated by the filter paper and column. One technique of sinus aspiration in psittacine birds samples the large Cytologic evaluation of the ingluvies (crop) can be sinus between the eye and the external nares (Figure performed from samples obtained by aspiration. With the head and body properly restrained, a is indicated in birds showing clinical signs of regur- needle (eg, 22 ga one-inch) is passed through the gitation, vomiting, delayed emptying of the crop or fleshy skin at the commissure of the mouth. A crop aspirate is obtained by needle is directed toward a point midway between inserting a sterile plastic, metal or rubber feeding the eye and external nares, keeping parallel with the tube through the mouth and esophagus into the side of the head. The tube should pass matic bone, which lies between the lower corner of freely and not be forced into the crop. Often the tube is facilitated by extending the head and neck to passage of the needle is improved by keeping the straighten the esophagus. This procedure requires some practice and complete restraint to prevent damage to the globe. A caudally misdirected needle could mouth, directing the needle under the zygomatic result in penetration of the ocular orbit; however, bone and ending in the sinus cavity below the eye more commonly, a misdirected needle results in pene- (Figure 10. It is impor- Collection of synovial fluid by arthrocentesis is an- tant to note that in some species (eg, some passerine other example of sample collection by aspiration. Therefore, a surgery, a needle (22 ga or smaller) attached to a bilateral sinusitis may require bilateral aspirations. The cytologic adequate sample, the anesthetized bird may be held sample is prepared by making direct smears using with the head parallel to the floor and the affected the “squash preparation technique. The sinus is flushed from underneath Wash samples are aspiration techniques in which a with the needle directed up; see Chapter 22). This sinus usually yields collect a cytologic sample from locations that may be a smaller sample volume than the previously de- difficult to sample or that provide a poorly cellular scribed sinus. Tracheal washes are commonly performed in inserting the aspiration needle at a perpendicular birds suspected of having respiratory disease of the angle through the skin just below the eye (Figure trachea, syrinx and bronchi. A soft, smooth-tipped, sterile have been blotted with a clean paper towel to remove plastic or rubber tube or catheter small enough to the excess fluid and blood. It is best to lay the slide pass through the trachea is inserted through the against the tissue surface using the weight of the open glottis taking care not to contaminate the tip in slide to make the imprint. The tube is passed to the level of the the slide, too much force is used and the resulting thoracic inlet near the syrinx. The animal is held Contact smears made from tissues that exfoliate parallel to the floor, and sterile saline (0. One method of immediately re-aspirated to complete the wash sam- improving cellular exfoliation is to scrape the tissue ple. Similar wash techniques can be used to collect to be sampled with a scalpel blade and to make the cytologic samples from the air sacs, ingluvies and contact smear from either the scraped surface or the infraorbital sinus. Using a drop of oil on the scalpel blade may improve the ability to detect mites but will interfere with staining Contact Smears for cytologic evaluation. Imprints should be made Cytologic samples can also be obtained by direct from biopsy of internal organs (eg, liver, spleen and contact between the tissue being sampled and the kidney) using the impression technique. Often referred to as contact smears, Scrapings are commonly performed to collect cells these samples are used to evaluate postmortem tis- from the palpebral conjunctiva, cornea, oral cavity or sues or antemortem tissue biopsies.